Epidemiological Factors Related with Recent Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Korea Han Sang Yoo DVM, Ph.D.   Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

FMD? FMD? - Foot and Mouth Disease - Fast Moving Disease? 2010, 11, 29. - 1st outbreak (Andong) 2011, 1, 24. - 139th outbreak (Kimhae)

Genetic Diversity of FMDV Serotypes - O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia 1 - No cross immunity Generation of new FMDV variants - Mutation from error-prone RNA replication, recombination, and host selection

Hosts All domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals Cattle, pigs, goats, buffalo, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids.

Transmission Direct contact between infected and susceptible animals Contact with contaminated objects; hands, footwear, clothing, vehicles Swill feeding, milk, artificial insemination Inhalation of infectious aerosols Airborne up to 60 km overland and 300 km by sea Humans can harbor FMDV in their respiratory tract for 24-48 hours.

Lesions Vesicles Tongue, dental pad, gums, cheek, palate, lips, nostrils, muzzle, coronary bands, teats, udder, snout of pigs, and interdigital spaces Myocarditis (tiger heart) Gray or yellow streaking in the heart from degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium

Clinical Signs in Cattle Indicator of FMD: sick first, signs and lesions are severe Pyrexia, anorexia, shivering, reduction in milk production Drooling, lameness, kicking of the feet - Caused by vesicles on buccal and nasal mucous membranes and between the claws and coronary band After 24 hours, rupture of vesicles leaving erosions - Vesicles can also occur on the mammary glands Recovery within 8-15 days

Clinical Signs in Pigs Amplifier of FMD - Produce 30-100 time more virus than cattle and sheep - Produce a hundred million infectious doses per day Pyrex Severe foot lesions and lameness Vesicles at pressure points on the limbs Vesicular lesion on the snout High mortality in piglets

            

Diagnosis Sample collection - Epithelial tissues from an unruptured or recently ruptured vesicles - Esophageal-pharyngeal fluid Antigen detection - Antigen ELISA - Virus isolation - RT-PCR - Electron microscopic examination - Pen-side tests Serological tests - Virus neutralization test, ELISA, Complement fixation test

Control strategies in previous FMD outbreaks 2000. 3 2002. 5 2010. 1 2010. 4 Occurence - 3.24-4.15 (22 days) 15 cases (only in cattle) - 6 cities in 3 provinces - Serotype : O type - 5.2-6.23 (52 days 16 cases (one in cattle and 15 in pigs) 4 cities in 2 provinces Serotype : Asian O1 type -1.2-1.29 (28 days) 6 cases (only in 2 cities in one Serotype : A - 4.8-5.6 (29days) -11 cases (7 in cattle and 4 in pigs) 4 cities in 4 Control policy Slaughter : 2,216 heads Vaccination : 1,522,470 heads Slaughter : 160,155heads - No vaccination Slaughther : 5,956 heads 49,874 heads

FMD outbreaks in 2010. 11 ‘10. 11. 23 : First report to local vet. service by farmer ; decide as negative with pen-side Ab detection kit ‘10. 11. 28 : Farmer reported again to NVQRS ‘10. 11. 29 : First diagnosis in swine by NVQRS ‘10. 12. 15 : Decide to vaccinate cattle ; Ring and regional vaccinations (5 regions) ‘10. 12. 25 : Start vaccination in cattle ‘11. 1. 10 : decide to vaccinate in all cattles and pigs ‘11. 2. 28 : Finish 2nd vaccination to all pigs and cattles ‘11. 3. 10 : Slaugthered animals : >3.4 millions. Vaccinated cattles and pigs : >13 millions

Outbreak of FMD in Korea ( 2010. 11- ) Hanwoo Pig dairy cattle 2010.12.31 - 2010. 12. 20 - First outbreak in 10.11.29 20101 1. 10 - 2010.11.29 - 2010.1. 24 -

Suspected Epidemiological Factors Late detection of First case of FMD - Use of pen-side antibody detection kit - Did not follow SOP for FMD suspect, vesicle forming diseases - Late control to move vehicles, pepoles, etc.

Suspected Epidemiological Factors II. Systems in the livestock industry in Korea - Slaughtering system ; different location with raising areas of animals - Feed distribution system ; big companies covers several places. - Distribution system of livestock related materials ; delivery men for semen and drugs, veterinarians, consultants -> they visit several farms at same day.

Raising Hanwoo · beef cattle in Korea GW 231,599 North GS 597,692 South GS 328,115 South JL 500,761 North JL 332,917 South CC 394,020 GG 303,042 JJ 30,487 North CC 203,211 (2010. 12) Province Number of cattles North Gyengsang 597,692 South Julla 500,761 South Chungchung 394,020 North Julla 332,917 South Gyengsang 328,115 Gyunggi 303,042 Gangwon 231,599 North Chungchung 203,211 Jeju 30,487 Total 2,921,844

Distribution of beef slaughter house in Korea (2010) Province Scale of slaughter Number of Slaughter house Gyunggi 289,389 14 South Gyengsang 118,631 10 North Gyengsang 88,718 11 South Julla 77,292 North Chungchung 54,096 South Chungchung 49,640 6 North Julla 35,997 9 Gangwon 35,213 Jeju 3,552 1 Total 752,528 81 GW (9) 35,000 GG (14) 289,000 North CC (10) 54,000 South CC (6) 50,000 North GS (11) 89,000 North JL (9) 36,000 South GS (10) 118,000 South JL (11) 77,000 JJ 3,500 Province (Number of Slaughter house) Scale of slaughter

Raising pigs in Korea (Unit : Thousand pigs) GW 461 North GS 1,262 South GS 1,233 South JL 868 GG 1,879 JJ 502 North CC 574 South CC 1,900 North JL 1,201 (2010. 12) Province Number of pigs South Chungchung 1,900,327 Gyunggi 1,879,447 North Gyengsang 1,262,197 South Gyengsang 1,232,679 North Julla 1,200,632 South Julla 868,192 North Chungchung 574,050 Jeju 502,032 Gangwon 461,076 Total 9,880,632 (Unit : Thousand pigs)

Distribution of pork slaughter house in Korea (2010) GW (8) 744 Province Scale of slaughter Number of Slaughter house Gyunggi 3,261,926 15 North Chungchung 2,358,969 11 South Gyengsang 1,977,017 12 South Chungchung 1,624,565 8 North Julla 1,457,021 10 North Gyengsang 1,446,917 South Julla 1,038,332 Gangwon 743,531 Jeju 721,101 1 Total 14,629,379 88 GG (15) 3,262 North CC (11) 2,359 South CC (8) 1,625 North GS (11) 1,447 North JL (10) 1,457 South GS (12) 1,977 South JL (12) 1,038 JJ (1) 721 Province (Number of Slaughter house) Scale of slaughter

Distribution of feed plants in Korea Province Number of feed plants Daily production capacity (M/T) Gyunggi 17 6,824 North Julla 15 4,925 South Chungchung 11 3,371 South Gyengsang 10 3,280 North Gyengsang 5 2,070 North Chungchung 1,640 South Julla 4 1,190 Gangwon 3 900 Jeju 2 195 Total 72 24,395 GW 3 GG 17 North CC 5 South CC 11 North GS 5 North JL 15 South GS 10 South JL 4 JJ 2

Suspected Epidemiological Factors III. Other factors - Transportation system - Weather in this winter - Not enough Biosecurity systems in Korean farms - Late slaughter of infected animals - Late decision making in vaccination - Shortage of FMD vaccine - Korean cultures in farming areas - Others

Suspected routes of transmission of FMD 10.12.22 10.12.23 10.12.15 10.12.14 cattle Pig 10.12.23 transportation of cattles Transport of manures First outbreak 10.11.28 10.11.29 11.1.1 Transportation : Feed, Rice straw Transportation : Feed, Rice straw, Animals etc. 11.1.24

Frozen preventive measures against FMD Frozen Han river Frozen preventive measures

Suspected Epidemiological Factors I. Late detection of First case of FMD - Use of pen-side antibody detection kit - Did not follow SOP for FMD suspect. II. Systems in the livestock industry in Korea - Slaughtering system - Feed distribution system - Distribution system in livestock related materials ; semen, drugs, veterinarians, consultants III. Other factors - Transportation system - Weather in this winter - Not enough Biosecurity system in Korean farms - Korean cultures in farming areas