Renewable Energy: Technology Requirements for India’s NDC INDIA@COP22 Renewable Energy: Technology Requirements for India’s NDC Sustainable Lifestyle = Positive Climate Action www.indiaatcop22.org

India’s RE Commitments INDIA@COP22 India’s RE Commitments By 2022: 175 GW from RE By 2030: 40% capacity from non-fossil sources RE 250 – 300 GW www.indiaatcop22.org

Indian Power Sector – RE INDIA@COP22 Indian Power Sector – RE 2016 2030 Wind 27 GW 80 – 100 GW Solar 8 GW 120 – 140 GW Biomass 5 GW 30 GW Resource Potential? Cost? Land? Technologies? www.indiaatcop22.org

RE – Intermittent Generation INDIA@COP22 RE – Intermittent Generation Seasonal Wind Generation (hourly variation) Seasonal Solar Generation (hourly variation) 50 MW Plant, Ahmedabad, India www.indiaatcop22.org

Outline: Technologies for RE : INDIA@COP22 Outline: Technologies for RE : Identify critical components Supply chain: Make or Buy? Emerging technology options Technologies for supporting infrastructure: Energy storage Grid integration www.indiaatcop22.org

INDIA@COP22 Solar PV www.indiaatcop22.org

Solar Technology Options INDIA@COP22 Solar Technology Options 80-90% capacity from Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Rest from Solar Thermal and other PV options. Rs./kWh Sources include KPMG, MNRE, CERC, KERC, KREDL and BESCOM www.indiaatcop22.org

Supply Chain – Si-based PV INDIA@COP22 Supply Chain – Si-based PV M-grade Silicon Solar-grade Polysilicon Ingots Wafers Cell PV Module Should India indigenise solar grade polysilicon? Is cell/module manufacturing capacity adequate? www.indiaatcop22.org

India’s Polysilicon Requirements INDIA@COP22 India’s Polysilicon Requirements Currently ~ 2% of global production of polysillicon. Needs approx. 5,00,000 ton (cumulative, 2016-2022). ~20-25% of future global demand. Global production capacity: 3,80,000 ton per annum. www.indiaatcop22.org

Volatility in Polysilicon Prices INDIA@COP22 Volatility in Polysilicon Prices www.indiaatcop22.org

Economics of Indigenous Manufacturing INDIA@COP22 Economics of Indigenous Manufacturing Polysilicon manufacturing cost in US & India Capacity- 5,000 TPA ~1 GW c-Si modules Capex- INR 1,800 crore (1) Case for at least limited indigenous manufacture. (2) Policy support needed. Source: CSTEP study conducted under Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States (SERIIUS) www.indiaatcop22.org

Emerging PV Options INDIA@COP22 Must invest in R&D in emerging options Source : http://www.adlittle.ch/uploads/tx_extthoughtleadership/ADL-Renewable-Energy-Emerging-PV-Technology_01.pdf www.indiaatcop22.org

INDIA@COP22 Solar Thermal www.indiaatcop22.org

Solar Thermal: Economics INDIA@COP22 Solar Thermal: Economics Source: CSTEP Solar Technologies Economics Model (CSTEM) www.indiaatcop22.org

Cost Break-up of a CSP Plant INDIA@COP22 Cost Break-up of a CSP Plant Difficult to get further cost reduction Source: CSTEP Solar Technologies Economics Model (CSTEM) www.indiaatcop22.org

Deployment Status in India INDIA@COP22 Solar Thermal – Critical Components Technology Components Deployment Status in India Parabolic Trough Mirrors Mostly imported Evacuated Receiver Tubes Imported Support Structures Manufactured in India Steam turbine (for CSP) Thermal energy storage Storage media (Molten salts) Still in R&D stage Premature to establish indigenous supply chain www.indiaatcop22.org

INDIA@COP22 Wind www.indiaatcop22.org

Wind Technology Critical Components: Blade, Tower, Gearbox, Generator, INDIA@COP22 Wind Technology Critical Components: Blade, Tower, Gearbox, Generator, Bearings, Hub & Main shaft www.indiaatcop22.org

Wind Industry: Supply Chain INDIA@COP22 Wind Industry: Supply Chain Well established supply chain: Developers, OEM, Tier 1 Suppliers, Tier 2 Suppliers Manufacturing capacity of ~ 12 GW of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) per annum 50 – 80% indigenization achieved Opportunity for India to develop as export hub for WTG www.indiaatcop22.org

Supply Chain - INDIA@COP22 Component Challenges Make or Buy ? Blades Several indigenous manufacturers But, import > 50% raw material Use infusion process (less efficient than prepeg) Limited aerodynamic R&D and testing Make Tower Indigenously available (80 - 100%) Import S 355 Grade Steel – Large turbines Energy intensive (15% of energy) Lack of sophisticated welding technologies Source: Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India: Horizon 2032, CSTEP & WISE www.indiaatcop22.org

Supply Chain - INDIA@COP22 Component Challenges Make or Buy ? Gearbox Highly energy intensive (47% of energy in WTG) No indigenous manufacturer (cost) Moderate availability of high grade carburised steel Limited large scale casting and forging facilities Gradual move to gearless turbines Make and Buy Bearing Large bearings - Mostly imported Wind industry contributes minor demand Limited availability of hardened Cr-steel (100 Cr6) or CrMo steel (100 CrMo7-3) Buy Source: Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India: Horizon 2032, CSTEP & WISE www.indiaatcop22.org

Supply Chain - INDIA@COP22 Component Challenges Make or Buy ? Generator Indigenous manufacturers available Rare Earths (Neodymium & Dysprosium) not available Annealed Copper Strips – Limited vendor base Highly energy intensive (25% of energy) Make and Buy Hub and Shaft Lack of large casting and forging facilities Need to upscale small scale technologies Make Source: Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India: Horizon 2032, CSTEP & WISE www.indiaatcop22.org

INDIA@COP22 Biomass www.indiaatcop22.org

Biomass Technologies INDIA@COP22 Well developed indigenous technologies Biomass gasifiers (kW to MW) Multiple feedstock Reciprocating engines (gas and diesel) Main issue is biomass availability and price India can export to other countries www.indiaatcop22.org

Technologies for Supporting Infrastructure INDIA@COP22 Technologies for Supporting Infrastructure www.indiaatcop22.org

Energy Storage Requirements INDIA@COP22 Energy Storage Requirements Rural Electrification 2 GWh Urban Solar PV Roof Top 70 GWh Grid Level Storage (MW) 300 GWh Telecom Towers 20 GWh Source: CSTEP Study in SERIIUS www.indiaatcop22.org

Storage Technologies for the Grid INDIA@COP22 Storage Technologies for the Grid 1kw 10kw 100kw 1MW 10MW 100MW 1GW Seconds Minutes Hours Storage Capacity Release Time Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Flow batteries Li-ion battery Lead-acid battery High-power Supercap High-Energy Supercap SMES Na-S Energy Management Power Quality Grid Support www.indiaatcop22.org

Cell assembly, Module, Pack INDIA@COP22 Technology Process Import Indigenization Almost none Most of the components cell Cell assembly, Module, Pack Vanadium Pure lead Lead paste Grid Plates Advanced Lead Acid battery Filling acid Charging Assembly Separators Terminals Container Testing Packing . Module Pack Cell assembly Cathode Al-foil Separator Anode Cu-foil cell Lithium ion battery + _ V2+ /V3+ DC Power Negative electrode Positive Pump Ion-exchange membrane VO2+ /VO2+ Vanadium redox- flow battery www.indiaatcop22.org

Grid Integration Aspects INDIA@COP22 Grid Integration Aspects Technology Devices Status in India Power Electronic Devices Inverters and Power Conditioning Units Well established, mostly imported FACTS and D-FACTS Upcoming, mostly imported Smart meters Monitoring demand / consumption presence of domestic manufacturing Reactive power management systems Series and shunt compensation elements Well established, small presence of domestic manufacturing Wide Area Monitoring Systems Phasor Measurement Units Mostly imported www.indiaatcop22.org

INDIA@COP22 Thank You www.indiaatcop22.org