A Scientific Way to Look at Going Green! Life Cycle Assessment A Scientific Way to Look at Going Green!

What does it mean to be Green?? What is Sustainability?? Topics to discuss in class regards to sustainability: “Environmentally friendly Sustainable products, Green product, Environmentally preferable, Biodegradable, Recyclable, Ozone friendly, Eco-design, Greenwashing” United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Sustainable Development definition : “… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Sustainability Environmentally Friendly Sustainable Products Green product Environmentally Preferable United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Sustainable Development definition: “… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Biodegradable Recyclable Ozone friendly Eco-design Greenwashing wwblog.miragestudio7.com

What Can the Earth Handle? World Population Statistics UN Population Division The estimate of Earth’s Maximum supportable population is 13.4 billion. Looking at the population statistics, where are we headed? Renewable Energy Source Will Limit Our Growth! Population (2007) Annual Growth Rate (00 – 07) World 6.7 Billion 1.24% LDC 5.4 Billion 1.44% MDC 1.2 Billion 0.36% US 301 Million 1.03% Average per capita energy consumption is 3 kW/person US 12 kW/person Industrialized 7.5 kW/person Denmark 5.1 kW/person Developing 1kW/person

Being Green is Trendy . . . . . . . . . . . What Does Science Say? Industry is looking for ways to green their products and manufacturing processes. Individuals and Families are looking to green their homes and lifestyles. How can you tell if something really is green?? What is currently happening to achieve this goal? Scientists perform a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) www.scienceinthebox.com

Life Cycle Assessment WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA? Definition: “Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle” This establishes an environmental profile of the system! ISO = International Organization for Standardization Ensures that an LCA is completed in a certain way. WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA? Product or project development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing and eco-declarations www.davidreport.com

Product Life Cycle M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E R a w M a t e r i a l M a t e r i a l M a n u f a c t u r e U s e & R e t i r e m e n t T r e a t m e n t A c q u i s i t i o n P r o c e s s i n g & A s s e m b l y S e r v i c e & R e c o v e r y D i s p o s a l W W W W W W r e u s e r e m a n u f a c t u r e c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e o p e n - l o o p r e c y c l e M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution   Material flow of product component

What Makes Up LCA Goal & Scope Definition What is the purpose of the LCA and who is the audience? Inventory Analysis (LCI) What is the function & functional unit? Where are the boundaries? What data do you need? What assumptions are you making? Are there any limitations? Impact Assessment (LCIA) What are the environmental, social, and economic affects? Interpretation Ways to reduce environmental impacts. What conclusions can you draw from the study? What recommendations can be made?

Goal and Scope Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use. Scope: Wooden Pencil (T = Transportation) Process Flow Diagram Retailer Use End of Life Lumber Forest Lumber Mill Manufacture T T T T T T Rubber (Landfill) Sharpening T Graphite T (Electricity) Packaging T Brass

Scope: Mechanical Pencil PE = Polyethylene PP = Polypropylene Both materials are plastic polymers (large molecules) used to make many products. Retailer Use End of Life www.germes-online.com Oil PE / PP Manufacture T T T T T T Rubber (Landfill) T T = Transportation Graphite T Packaging T Spring

Function & Functional Unit Example Service provided by a system What it does! Functional Unit Gives the function a number value Allows comparison between products Reference point Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil Function = “Writing” Functional Unit = “1 meter of writing”

Items To Consider?? Inputs What is needed to make the substance! Energy Materials Labor Outputs What comes out of the system! Products (electricity, materials, goods, services) Waste Emissions Co-products

Data Collection Life Cycle Inventory Analysis Time-sensitive = past 5 years Geographical = does it match the location from the goal Technology = best available technology for process Representativeness = reflects population of interest Consistency = matches the procedure Reproducibility = another person could find it Never Forget . . . . . . . Precision: The consistent reproducibility of a measurement Completeness: Covers all the areas outlined in the scope

LCA in Action: Think About It. Paper Plate vs LCA in Action: Think About It! Paper Plate vs. China (Plate You Wash & Reuse) What is the function? What is the functional unit? What materials & resources are used? What does it take to produce both? What are the impacts to the environment? Is there waste? Does washing the China produce waste? What types of data do you need? How do you know which is better?

Data Analysis Environmental Impact Categories Global Warming Potential Gases in the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation Trap heat from the sun Water vapor, CO2 , CH4 , ozone, NO2 Abiotic Depletion Consumption of non-living resources Human Toxicity Potential Value that shows harms to humans from chemicals Land Use How much land is needed

Environmental Impact Categories Continued . . . . . Eutrophication Increase in chemical nutrients containing nitrogen or phosphorus land or water overgrowth of plants killing organisms at bottom of water Water Use Mercury Acidification caused by pollution from fuels & acid rain low pH Smog (Winter or Summer) Energy Use Solid Waste Oil . . . . . . . AND MANY MORE!!

Evaluate 2 products using the LCA method and make change! Where Do We Go From Here? What is the purpose of all this data?? Scientists can make recommendations of choices that are less impactful Scientists can analyze a particular impact and focus on a solution Industry & Individuals can take a closer look at how they can make a difference Class Project Evaluate 2 products using the LCA method and make change!

Where Does Our “Stuff” Come From? Let’s check it out with . . . . “The Story of Stuff” http://www.storyofstuff.com/

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Special Thanks Dr. Michael Lepech Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University