Define the word ‘reform’ Do Now Define the word ‘reform’

Lesson Objective SWBAT identify corrupt practices and key events that weakened the Catholic Church

The Protestant Reformation 1517-1648 3

Unit Objectives To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation on Western society 4

Lesson Objective SWBAT explain the theological, political, and economic differences that emerged, including the views and actions of Martin Luther and John Calvin

Holy Roman Empire in 1500 Located in modern day Germany Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states Each State had its own Prince The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V (Catholic) 6

The Catholic Church in 1500 The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe Held the monopoly on information and education and owned a great deal of property People resented the wealth of the Church The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes The Church was corrupt! 7

The Catholic Church Headquarters = Rome Power of the Pope: Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earth (above any earthly power) Infallible 8

What Catholics Believe The Seven Sacraments: Baptism Eucharist (mass/communion) Confirmation Confession Anointing of the Sick – Last rites Holy Orders – men to become priests Marriage

Height of Papal Corruption Who? Pope Leo X 1513-1521 What did he do? Depleted Papal coffers Money needed for St. Peter’s reconstruction Solution: Sale of Church offices Sale of indulgences Pope Leo X with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church, not start a separate church

Martin Luther 1483-1546 Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany Became a monk in 1505 Moved to Wittenberg, Germany in 1511 Troubled by the sale of indulgences Luther came to the decision to be a monk when he traveled one night during a lightning storm. He was so frightened that he made a vow that if he survived the storm, he would enter a monastery. His decision to become a monk was a disappointment to his father. 12

Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church: Indulgences Justification Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works Indulgences: Indulgences are ways to get out of punishment in Purgatory. In the Catholic Church, even after going to the priest for absolution at confession, people enter Purgatory after they die. Purgatory is neither Heaven nor Hell, but a place of temporary punishment where souls go before entering Heaven. Indulgences were suppose to shorten that time in Purgatory by prayers or good works. However, by 1500, indulgences were abused and turned into cash donations to the Church. Rich people gave lots of money for forgiveness of past and future sins. Basically, indulgences became a fundraising activity for the Catholic Church. John Tetzel, a notorious priest who offered Indulgences had a slogan: “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from Purgatory springs.” Justification: The Catholic Church believes that in order to be saved, i.e., go to Heaven, a person had to do good works, go through the seven sacraments, etc. However, Luther came to the conclusion that because God is perfect, nothing we do can ever be good enough for God. So, instead, he came to the conclusion that it was not by good works that we earn God’s favor, but by believing and trusting in God. Communion: Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation The Catholic Church believes that during communion, which recreates the Last Supper, the bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, made possible by the priest. Protestants believe in consubstantiation, that Jesus is present during communion, but the bread and wine are only symbolic of the Last Supper. 13

What was an Indulgence? A Papal pardon for sins A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory Purgatory = a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime According to Luther, indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory

Martin Luther’s Actions Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517 His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one

How Did Word Spread So Quickly? Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

Reaction To Luther Gained support from people (including the princes in the HRE) Gained criticism from Church Millions converted

Luther’s Showdown with the Church Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication Papal Bull = Official document issued by the Pope Luther was ordered to recant (take back) his teachings Luther burned the Papal Bull Excommunicated! This behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Rome 18

The Diet of Worms - April 1521 Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms Diet = assembly or meeting of German princes Luther was asked again to recant – he still refused Charles V issued the Edict of Worms Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner

Edict of Worms Declared Luther an outlaw It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!) This spread his beliefs even further Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language

A New Name Lutherans started using the name “Protestant” for those who protested papal authority

The Peace of Augsburg 1555 The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politically Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states Charles V, the Emperor of the HRE tried to force Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success The Peace of Augsburg: Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion A Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran of Catholic

Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition Literal interpretation of the Bible Predestination Faith revealed by living a righteous life Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Predestination Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland Theocracy = government run by church leaders

Do Now List two of Martin Luther’s beliefs (that contradicted what the Catholic Church said) Define ‘indulgence’ Define ‘predestination’

Lesson Objective SWBAT explain the theological, political, and economic differences that emerged, including the views and actions of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I

Reformation in England Henry VIII: The Anglican Tradition Henry VIII – King of England Roman Catholic Opposed Luther’s beliefs Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

Henry VIII Needs a Divorce! Catholic Church does not permit divorce Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce male heir only a girl - Mary Tudor Henry needed a male to preserve his throne Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir The Pope denied his request Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it

Act of Supremacy - 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason Sir Thomas More was one of them!

Another Girl for Henry Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn – there was actually a bit of an overlap! He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him another girl – Elizabeth BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH SEPTEMBER 7, 1533

Henry’s Six Wives! Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived. Catherine of Aragon Annulled Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded Catherine Parr survived Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded Jane Seymour Died childbed fever Anne of Cleves Annulled http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I (‘Bloody Mary’) died Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants Made England a firmly Protestant nation Little religious turmoil for decades

Branches of Christianity Protestant Roman Catholicism Lutheran Martin Luther Anglican Henry VIII Calvinist John Calvin Eastern Orthodox Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

The Protestant Reformation Map

Results In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

Why would the Catholic Church want to start a Counter-Reformation? Do Now Why would the Catholic Church want to start a Counter-Reformation?

Lesson Objective SWBAT: describe the impact of the Catholic Reformation on society and government actions describe changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies

The Catholic Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism It was losing followers which meant it was losing money They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church

The Council of Trent The Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to make reforms The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices: Salvation comes through faith AND good works The Bible is not the only source of truth Council took steps to end Church abuses 39

The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola - religious leader who was devoted to the Catholic Church Formed the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, to defend and spread the Catholic faith around the world Sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas Known for setting up schools

Spread of Christianity Protestant Protestant England settled in what is now the United States Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America Catholic

Conclusion The Protestant Reformation began as a theological dispute between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church Theological dispute becomes religious conflict, as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for their beliefs Religious conflict becomes a political conflict between states seeking to advance their positions 42