What is the blood type of this sample? 2/28 Do Now What is the blood type of this sample?

What kind of tissue is blood? Introduction Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body.   Hematophobia = An abnormal and persistent fear of blood. What kind of tissue is blood? Composed of 2 basic components: 1. Cells (rbc, wbc, platelets) 2. Plasma (water, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste) Hematocrit - the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) Circular shape 2-3 million per cubic millimeter Do not have a nucleus Transport oxygen throughout the body (hemoglobin) Hematopoiesis is the process of creating new blood cells in the body. As red blood cells wear out in the bloodstream, they are taken in by the spleen and destroyed.  Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney that leads to the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Oxyhemoglobin – bright red Deoxyhemoglobin – blackish red

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Defend body against disease-causing agents. the first cells to migrate to the site of the infection to begin killing the invading microbes implicated in numerous inflammatory processes, especially allergic disorders contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. Three functions: phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (B Cells), cytotoxic T cells, or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (helper T cells).

PLATELETS (thrombocytes)   - help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in damaged blood vessels

Blood Plasma - the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water   - the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water - transport nutrients, gases, vitamins, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH Plasma Proteins: 1. Albumins - main protein of human blood plasma. Its main function is to regulate the pressure of blood. 2. Globulins - assisting in immune function. 3. Fibrinogen -made in the liver. Fibrinogen is 1 of 13 coagulation factors responsible for normal blood clotting.

Hemostasis The process of stopping bleeding. Involves coagulation and the clotting of blood to seal site of damage. 3 Key Events: 1. Blood vessel spasm = vasoconstriction   2. Platelet plug formation = collagen fibers form a network 3. Blood coagulation = blood clotting Thrombin causes change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets and blood cells to form a hematoma. Thrombus = a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel Embolus = when the clot moves and becomes lodged in another place

BLOOD TYPES 1901 - Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups

Blood Type is Controlled by 3 Alleles Alleles: A, B, O A & B are codominant O is recessive

Genotypes

Consider Both Parents Type A (genotype AA) x Type O (genotype OO)

Blood Type Antigens

Blood that has antibodies on it that is not recognized by the body will be attacked by your immune system AB is the Universal Acceptor O is the Universal Donor

Rh Factor A person can either be Rh + or Rh – (positive is dominant)

Rh Factor and Pregnancy Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother’s immune system to attack the fetus. There are drugs that will suppress this reaction.

Blood Safety EXAMPLES OF BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS HEPATITIS B (HBV) HEPATITIS C (HCV) Other NON A, NON B HEPATITIS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) MALARIA OTHER POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS MATERIALS

Avoid Contact With Blood Wear gloves Dispose of items that have been contaminated (tissues, needles, bandaids) in biohazard containers Do not “horse around” Treat every person as if they may be carrying an infectious disease

BLOOD DISORDERS

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning CO binds to your hemoglobin, prevents oxygen from binding.  Can be fatal.   It is a "silent killer" as people often die in their sleep when a heater fails. Carbon monoxide deaths are more likely to occur in winter

2. ANEMIA Iron-Deficiency Anemia - low iron, most common *treated with iron supplements Aplastic Anemia – bone marrow does not produce enough RBC

Hemorrhagic anemia – due to extreme blood loss Pernicious anemia – B12 deficiency

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Genetic Disorder Abnormally shaped blood cells Parents can be carriers (asymptomatic)

Symptoms: Pain Lethargy Lifelong anemia (low red blood count) Organ failure Stroke

Sickle Cell Anemia is actually codominant AA = normal Aa = sickle cell trait (few symptoms) aa = sickle cell anemia

3. Leukemia Cancer of the blood Overproduction of wbc’s They take the place of RBCs Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation Leukemia is one of the most common childhood cancers. It occurs when large numbers of abnormal white blood cells fill the bone marrow and sometimes enter the bloodstream.

Blood Smear of a patient with Leukemia

4. Mononucleosis   sometimes called "mono" is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The designation "mononucleosis" refers to an increase in one type of white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the bloodstream EBV is very common, and many people have been exposed to the virus at some time in childhood. 

5. Blood poisoning - Septicemia An infection enters the bloodstream Can be deadly Treated with antibiotics Also called "sepsis"

6. HEMOPHILIA This disorder causes a failure of the blood to clot Patients can be treated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents. Sex-Linked trait – On the X chromosome

Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome Females X H X H normal X H X h carrier X h X h hemophiliac Males X H Y normal X h Y hemophiliac

Queen Victoria Carrier for Hemophilia

7. Jaundice In newborns, caused by the liver not functioning fully. Bilirubin builds up, causing a yellow color Fluorescent lights (bili lights) used to treat condition

Quick Genetics Review One allele is usually dominant over the other A gene consists of 2 alleles (represented by letters) One allele is usually dominant over the other Example: Genotype     Phenotype PP            widow’s peak Pp             widow’s peak pp          straight  hairline

A person with a widow's peak (Pp) is married to a person with a straight hairline (pp), what percentage of their children will have a straight hairline?

A female has sickle cell anemia and is married to a man who appears normal.  A doctor tests the man and determines that he does NOT have sickle cell trait.  What is the chance that this couple will have a child with sickle cell anemia?

What happens when a female who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a normal man?