14 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 14 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives General, Organic, and Biochemistry 9th Edition Katherine J. Denniston Joseph J. Topping Danaè R. Quirk Dorr Robert L. Caret Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Functional Group Formulas Ar= Aromatic hydrocarbon R = Aliphatic hydrocarbon

Structure 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acid groups consist of two very polar functional groups Carbonyl group Hydroxyl group Carboxylic acid groups are very polar 1 Carboxylic acid Ester – Carboxylic Acid Derivative Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Physical Properties 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Low molar mass carboxylic acids Sharp, sour taste Unpleasant aromas High molar mass carboxylic acids Fatty acids important in biochemistry Low molar mass carboxylic acids are water soluble due to hydrogen bonding with: Water Each other 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Boiling Points 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Due to carboxylic acids forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds, boiling points are at higher temperatures than those of any other functional group studied 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Nomenclature 14.1 Carboxylic Acids 2 Determine the parent compound: 4C – butane Number the chain so that the carboxyl carbon is carbon 1: from right to left Replace the –e ending with –oic acid Butanoic acid If two carboxyl groups are present use –dioic acid Complete naming as usual – bromine on C-3 14.1 Carboxylic Acids 4 3 2 1

Carboxylic Acid Naming Examples 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Common Names 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Use Latin or Greek prefixes Suffix is –ic acid Greek letters indicate the position of the substituents 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Names and Structures of Some Common Carboxylic Acids

Benzoic Acid Derivatives 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids with a Phenyl Substituent The phenyl group is benzene with one hydrogen removed: 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Common Dicarboxylic Acids 3 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Some Important Carboxylic Acids 3 More complex carboxylic acids are found in a variety of foods Citric Acid is found in citrus fruits Bacteria in mild produce lactic acid as a product of fermentation of sugars Tartaric acid is used in baking powder because it will react with carbonates in the dough Malic acid gives the sour taste to green apples Fatty acids are long chain carboxylic acids found in plant and animal sources 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids Found in Food 3 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids 4 Carboxylic acids are prepared by oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylate Anion Formation 5 Carboxylic acids behave as acids because when they are dissolved in water they will deprotonate to form a carboxylate ion and the hydronium ion Carboxylic acids are weak acids with dissociations of less than 5% 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Neutralization Reactions Carboxylic acids DO react with strong bases to form carboxylate salts A process of neutralization Acid protons are removed by the –OH- to form H2O and carboxylate ion Equilibrium shifts to the right with removal of H+ 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Acid-Base Reactions 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Salts of Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature First add the cation’s name Sodium Then drop the –oic acid and add –ate Sodium benzoate Uses of carboxylic acids Soaps like sodium stearate Preservatives Anti-fungal medicines Used to control food pH 14.1 Carboxylic Acids

Esterification 14.1 Carboxylic Acids 6 Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form: Esters Water 14.1 Carboxylic Acids Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

14.2 Esters 7 Structure and physical properties Esters are mildly polar, somewhat water soluble Frequently found in natural foodstuffs Many have pleasant aromas Isoamyl acetate = banana oil 3-methylbutyl ethanoate Ethyl butanoate = pineapple aroma Ethyl butanoate Isobutyl formate = raspberry aroma Isobutyl methanoate Boil at approximately the same temperature as carbonyls with comparable molecular weight

Ester IUPAC Nomenclature 8 Form from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, which is reflected in the naming Use the alkyl group as the first name (Alcohol part of the ester) Base the name for the acid part of the structure from the longest chain ending in the C=O (Carboxylic acid part of the ester) Change the –oic acid of the acid name to –oate 14.2 Esters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Example: Naming Esters Name the following esters: Alkyl portion = first name ethyl Parent carboxylic acid = butanoic acid Change suffix to reflect ester = Ethyl butanoate Alkyl portion = first name proply Parent carboxylic acid = ethanoic acid Change suffix to reflect ester = Propyl ethanoate 14.2 Esters

Naming Esters Naming esters is much like naming the salts of carboxylic acids: Alkyl portion = first name ethyl Parent carboxylic acid = ethanoic acid Change suffix to reflect ester = Ethyl ethanoate 14.2 Esters

Preparing Esters 14.2 Esters 6 Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to produce esters The reaction is catalyzed by strong mineral acid Heat is required A molecule of water is also released as a product: reaction is a dehydration 14.2 Esters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Ester Formation Reaction Example 6 14.2 Esters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

14.2 Esters Hydrolysis of Esters 9 The main reaction of esters is hydrolysis, reaction with water This reaction is also called hydration = cleavage of any bond by the addition of a water molecule However, the uncatalyzed reaction is slow and requires heat The reaction can be either acid or base catalyzed 14.2 Esters

Acid hydrolysis of Esters Acid hydrolysis products are: Acid Alcohol 14.2 Esters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Base Hydrolysis of Esters 10 The base catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester: Saponification or soap-making Products are: Acid salt Alcohol Acid can’t exist in basic conditions, so the product is the salt of the carboxylic acid using the cation of the base catalyst 14.2 Esters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

Saponification Saponification (soap-making) is: Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of fats (glycerol triesters)

Simplified Action of Soap The wiggly lines represent the long carbon chains of each soap molecule Particles of oil and grease are surrounded by soap molecules to form a micelle 14.2 Esters

Condensation Polymers Polyesters are condensation polymers They are formed by eliminating a small molecule (e.g., H2O) when combining: Diacid Diol Each of the combining molecules has two reactive functional groups, highlighted in red 14.2 Esters

Polethylene terphthalate, PETE 1,2-ethanediol PETE is used in: Mylar Plastic bottles Polyester fabric Continued condensation at each end Repeating unit of the polymer

14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides 11 Acid chlorides are derivatives of carboxylic acids having the general formula: Are named: by replacing the –oic acid ending of the IUPAC name with –oyl chloride

14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides Acids Chlorides 11 Acid chlorides Noxious, irritating chemicals requiring great care in handling Slightly polar, boiling near the corresponding carbonyl’s temperature React violently with water Are good acyl group transfer reagents 14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides Acid anhydrides have the formula: The molecule is 2 carboxylic acid molecules with a water molecule removed Anhydride means without water Symmetrical anhydrides are those with both acyl groups the same Symmetrical anhydrides are named by replacing the -acid ending of the acid with –anhydride 12 14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

Formation of Acid Anhydrides Acid anhydrides are not typically formed in a reaction between the parent carboxylic acids 13 14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

Acid Chlorides in the Formation of Acid Anhydrides One reaction used to form acid anhydrides is the combination of a(n): Acid chloride Carboxylate anion 13 14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

Types of Acid Anhydride Reactions With Alcohols Acid anhydride reacts with alcohol to produce: Ester Carboxylic acid An acyl group transfer reaction 14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

Acid Anhydride Reaction With Alcohol 14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides

14.4 Nature’s High Energy Compounds: Phosphoesters and Thioesters Phosphoric acid reacts with alcohols to produce a phosphate ester or phosphoester The ester can then react with a second or third acid to give phosphoric acid anhydrides ADP and ATP of biochemistry fame are important examples of phosphate esters

ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate 14.4 Nature’s High Energy Compounds: Phosphoesters and Thioesters Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education.  Permission required for reproduction or display

14.4 Nature’s High Energy Compounds: Phosphoesters and Thioesters In biochemistry, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA-SH) reacts with acyl groups to “activate” them for further biological reaction by forming a thioester 14.4 Nature’s High Energy Compounds: Phosphoesters and Thioesters

Reaction Schematic

Types of Reactions: Summary 1. Carboxylic acids a. Preparation b. Dissociation c. Neutralization d. Esterification 2. Esters a. Acid hydrolysis b. Saponification 3. Acid chloride synthesis 4. Acid anhydride synthesis 5. Phosphoester formation

Summary of Reactions Equations