A Short History of College in America Is College Worth It? A Short History of College in America

Background of the Issue New College was the 1st college in North America, 1636. Today we call it ‘Harvard’ 2015 – 20.2 million college students Average student debt was $28,950 Arguments in favor: Higher employment rates Bigger salaries More work benefits Arguments against: Debt from college loans is too high Delays many major purchases Many successful people never graduated from college

College in America Part I 1600s – 1800s

Colonial America Nine colleges from Colonial America still operate today: Harvard (1636) William and Mary (1693) Yale (1701) Princeton (1746) Columbia (1754) Brown (1764) Dartmouth (1769) Rutgers (1766) University of Pennsylvania (1740 or 1749) Run by England or the colonies, specific religion based, boys as young as 14 or 15.

Colonial America College was unattainable for most families because of the cost and loss of workers from the field. 1% of males aged 18-21 attended college Many left college after 1 or 2 years In 1711 Yale conferred 9 degrees out of 35 students Women were excluded from Colonial college The American Revolution drained colleges of students and money, resulting in many closures postwar

Late 18th and Early 19th Century 1800 – 25 colleges 1860 – 241 colleges Seminaries, scientific schools, military service academies, teaching schools Programs for: medicine, law, military science, and agriculture State Universities become a thing North Carolina (1795) and Georgia (1801) 1833, Oberlin College admitted women to a “Ladies Course” program and 3 graduated in 1841.

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act gave federal funds to states to open ‘land grant’ colleges Were required to focus on ‘useful arts’ like agriculture, mechanics, mining, and military instruction and often included A&M (Agricultural & Mechanical). MIT (1851) A college degree was still seen as a social marker, rather than a marker of educational attainment.

The Civil War By 1865 many colleges in the South stopped offering classes. By 1870 the number of colleges was up to 560 9 after the American Revolution

College in America Early 1900s

College in the Early1900s Colleges were created to educate groups excluded by traditional colleges: Women, blacks, immigrants, and Roman Catholics Black colleges were agricultural or industrial focused Iowa State was the first co-ed land grant college Women remained segregated and were expected to study ‘domestic science’ 1st instance of ‘diploma mills’ as the country expanded Students were not expected to finish college, many dropped out with a ‘LI’ license of instruction to teach

1900s 5% (256,000) of males aged 18-21 attended college Up from 3.1% (32,364) in 1860 Students were accepted by gender, religion, or race. Graduation rates continued to be low College tuition, while it hadn’t increased, was still to high for the average family. 1907-1908 Brown University: $105 for tuition, $60 for room, $150 for board, $30 books and lab fees $393 a year ($9,535.67 in 2012 US Dollars) Today at Brown - $52,231

World War I ‘Undergraduate life’ came to be associated with mascots, school colors, college hymns, intercollegiate athletics World War dropped college enrollment East Coast – 27-40% Stanford – 10% 540 colleges were turned into training centers Medical schools began to require college science or a bachelors degree for entrance After World War I college students became associated with parties, gambling and bathtub gin. Tolerated because of upward mobility of making contacts

1920s-1945 Secondary school expanded College tuition began to rise: High school graduates increased College students went from 250,000 to 1.3 million 5% to 15% 40% of enrollments were women, but still expected to be trained as teachers, good wives and mothers College tuition began to rise: $70 in 1920 ($793.29 in 2012 $) $133 in 1940 (2,148.31 in 2012 $) In comparison, a 1940 new Pontiac cost $483 ($7,074 in 2012 $)

Is College Worth It? Part 1 Wrap-Up On your Google Doc of your top 3 colleges: Search and see how long it takes to get a Bachelor’s Degree from your top 3 universities If you cant find specifics, how long does it take on average to a get a Bachelor’s Degree? What is one way you could speed that process up? What might slow down that process?

US Colleges, WWII through the 1980s Part 2 College in America US Colleges, WWII through the 1980s Part 2

What’s the Value of a College Education? 1. Calculate the value of getting a Bachelor’s Degree using the chart provided and assuming a 40 year career. 2. Now calculate the 40-year career earnings for a student that has only completed high school. 3. How much more value are you creating for yourself over a 40-year career by completing college?

Post WWII After WWII, colleges and universities moved toward advanced, selective programs and expanded the base of students admitted Research universities, junior colleges and for-profit colleges thrived 1939-1940 1.5 million students enrolled 1949-1950 2.7 million students enrolled G.I. Bill 1960 – 3.6 million students enrolled 1970 – 7.9 million students enrolled

Pell Grants Pell Grants introduced in 1972 increasing the number of students for whom higher education was possible 1978 financial aid changed from grants to loans 1975-1976: 75% received grants, 21% loans 1984-1985: 29% received grants, 66% received loans Higher education came to be expected to graduate all high school students, not just top ½ Public school enrollment increased in 1970s Community college and technical institutes also increased enrollment

Inclusive Admission Women and Black Students: Title IX in 1972 Affirmative Action Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke

Transition in Meaning The 1970s saw a transition in the need for college. It now became a need for work after graduation To be ‘middle class’ required a college degree

Worth It? 1971 a male college graduate earned 22% more than a high school graduate. 1979 only 13% 1987- 38% College cost was rising faster than inflation and the average family income

Unemployment Rates, Jan 2017

College Enrollment, Costs, and Purposes from 1990s to Present Part 3 College in America College Enrollment, Costs, and Purposes from 1990s to Present Part 3

1990s and 2000s Enrollment and Tuition Enrollment, tuition continue to go up 1990 – 2000 increased 11% 2000-2010 increased 37% 1990 – 1991 average tuition was $10,620 2000 – 2001 average tuition was $13,393 2010 – 2011 average tuition was $18,133

1990s and 2000s Unemployment Rates Unemployment rates for college graduates continues to declin 1990 – 6.5% unemployment for bachelor’s degree (24.9% college drop out) 2000 - 3.7% unemployment for bachelor’s degree (18.4% college drop out) 2010 – 5.5% unemployment for bachelor’s degree (17.3% college drop out) 2013 – 6,900 colleges and universities

Final Stats As of March 2017: 33.4% of the adult U.S. population had a bachelor’s degree or higher 28% in 2006) 1940 – 4.6% of adults had a bachelor’s degree

UC Application Data Fall 2017 of Middle 25%-75% of students Campus Admit Rate G.P.A. ACT Composite Scores SAT Reading & Writing Scores SAT Math Scores SAT Essay Scores Berkeley 17% 4.15 – 4.30 30 - 34 640 - 730 640 - 760 16 - 20 Davis 44% 3.95 – 4.25 26 - 32 590 - 680 600 - 750 15 - 18 Irvine 37% 4.00 – 4.25 600 - 740 Los Angeles 16% 4.13 – 4.31 640 - 770 Merced 70% 3.4 – 3.91 20 - 27 510 - 610 510 - 620 13 - 17 Riverside 57% 3.6 – 4.04 23 - 30 550 - 640 540 - 670 14 - 18 San Diego 34% 4.04 – 4.28 29 - 34 620 - 710 630 - 760 16 - 19 Santa Barbara 33% 3.96 – 4.25 28 - 33 610 - 700 15 - 19 Santa Cruz 51% 3.70 – 4.13 26 - 31 580 - 670 590 - 710

Cal State Application Data Fall 2017 – in progress Campus Admit Rate Average G.P.A. Average ACT Score Average SAT Score Bakersfield 62% 3.2 19 912 Channel Islands 83% 20 925 Chico 67% 3.45 22 X Dominguez Hills 53% 3.13 958 East Bay 74% 1022 Fresno 3.46 915 Fullerton 46% 3.58 Humboldt 81% 3.1 26 1050 Long Beach 28% 3.5 23 1150 Los Angeles 68% 3.14 18 880 Maritime Academy 61% 3.36 21-27 990-1210 Monterey Bay 44% 18-24

Cal State Application Data Fall 2015 Continued Campus Admit Rate Average G.P.A. Average ACT Score Average SAT Score Northridge 75% 3.09 19 926 Pomona 53% 3.43 23 995 Sacramento 71% 3.25 17-23 985 San Bernardino 83% 3.22 16-20 894 San Diego 37% 3.6 22-26 1103 San Francisco 64% 3.14 21 997 San Jose 76% 3.28 X San Luis Obispo 31% 3.88 27 1244 San Marcos 67% 3.18 Sonoma 80% 3.2 19-24 450-560 Stanislaus 93% 20 949

Is College Worth It? Part 3 Wrap-Up On your Google Doc: Give 1 pro for each of your 3 college choices Give 1 con for each of college choices, taking everything into consideration