Forensic applications of isotope ratio mass spectrometry—A review Sarah Benson, Chris Lennard, Philip Maynard, Claude Roux  Forensic Science International  Volume 157, Issue 1, Pages 1-22 (February 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012 Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 An overview of the natural variations in the carbon isotopic composition of different types of organic matter [18]. Reprinted from R.P. Philp [18], with permission from Elsevier. Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Potential variation in the hydrogen isotopic composition of a range of different materials. Reprinted and modified from http://isotopes.usgs.gov/publications.htm as published in T.B. Coplen et al. [15], with permission from Coplen. Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Potential variation in the nitrogen isotopic composition of a range of different materials. Reprinted and modified from http://isotopes.usgs.gov/publications.htm as published in T.B. Coplen et al. [15], with permission from Coplen. Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Potential variation in the oxygen isotopic composition of a range of different materials. Reprinted and modified from http://isotopes.usgs.gov/publications.htm as published in T.B. Coplen et al. [15], with permission from Coplen. Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Diagram showing the main sections of an IRMS instrument (diagram based on a ThermoFinnigan DELTAplusXP instrument [30]; however, the Micromass IsoPrime™ System [31] and PDZ Europa GEO 20-20 Series [32] consist of similar major components, with some differences in the design and functioning of the analyser). Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Principal sections of a dual inlet system (diagram based on ThermoFinnigan dual inlet instrument [30]). Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Schematic showing a flash combustion elemental analyser in series with an interface and IRMS for the analysis of nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios of bulk samples (diagram based on a ThermoFinnigan Flash Elemental Analyser [39]; however, the Micromass IsoPrime™ EA System [41] and PDZ Europa Integra-CN analyser [42] consist of similar major components). An analyser for the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios only has one pyrolysis furnace, as opposed to the combustion and reduction tubes in the elemental analyser shown above. Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Schematic showing the basic set-up of a GC/IRMS instrument for the analysis of carbon isotope ratios. The combustion tube and interface would be different for the analysis of isotope ratios of other elements, e.g. hydrogen and oxygen. The commercial systems currently available, display this same general design [45–47]. Forensic Science International 2006 157, 1-22DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.012) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions