CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Biomedical Materials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Biomedical Materials SMBE3313 2017/2018 Semester 1

OUTLINE Biomedical Materials/ Biomaterials Biomaterials Properties Dr. Syafiqah Saidin OUTLINE Biomedical Materials/ Biomaterials Biomaterials Properties Materials Classification Application of Biomaterials Evolution of Biomaterials Lifetime Chronology Advanced in Biomaterials

Biomedical Materials / Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Biomedical Materials / Biomaterials What is biomaterials? The properties and applications of materials (synthetic & natural) that are used in contact with biological system (Ratner and Hoffman, 2004) The combination of several advance fields including medical, biology, materials science and chemistry in developing a medical device/apparatus/implant Sits on the principle of engineering Can be for diagnostic and therapeutic application

Biomedical Materials / Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Biomedical Materials / Biomaterials Any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissues, organ, or function of the body

Biomaterials Properties Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Biomaterials Properties Able to perform within appropriate host response without having toxic or injurious effects on biological system Biocompatible Has appropriate mechanical performance suitable for its application Adequate mechanical performance Structure design and selection of materials are compatible with its area of application Application design Relatively inexpensive, reproducible, easy to fabricate and process for large-scale production Repeatable fabrication

Biomaterials in Human Dr. Syafiqah Saidin http://mitr.p.lodz.pl/biomat/old_site/raport/1_radiation_hydrogels.html

Materials Classification Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Materials Classification Metals: Strong, ductile High thermal & electrical conductivity Opaque, reflective Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s Soft, ductile, low strength, low density Thermal & electrical insulators Optically translucent or transparent Ceramics: compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides) Brittle, glassy, elastic Non-conducting (insulators)

Metal + Metal Commonly known as Alloy Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Materials Classification Composite : Combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties that will produces different properties from its original parent. Metal + Polymer Metal + Ceramic Polymer + Ceramic Polymer + Polymer Ceramic + Ceramic but Metal + Metal Commonly known as Alloy Composite Ceramic Metal Polymer

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Skeletal System Joint replacement Purpose : To replace dysfunctional/damaged joint organs Materials : Titanium (Ti ) & its alloys, stainless steel (SS) & its alloys, polyethylene (PE), UHMWPE, etc Required property : Able to withstand high load bearing, bioactive, light-weight Knee implant Hip implant Hip implant able to withstand load for more than 10 years, high lubricity for cup Shoulder implant Ankle implant http://www.coringroup.com/patientcaregivers/your_knee http://www.raps.org/Regulatory-Focus/News/2016/02/17/24347/FDA-to-Require-PMAs-for-Two-Types-of-Hip-Replacement-Devices/ http://www.markhamlet.co.uk/shoulder-replacement.html http://www.anklereplacementsurgeons.com/

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Hip implant restoration Knee implant restoration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMMCQ8yhAls https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a_lBt5qSmM

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Skeletal System Bone scaffold & cement Purpose : To graft and fill missing bone and to guide osseointegration on implant Materials : Calcium phosphate (CaP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), acrylate, etc Required property : Biodegradable, bioactive Bone cement Bone scaffold www.exac.com/images/products/bone-cement/ Castilho et al., “Fabrication of computationally designed scaffolds by low temperature 3D printing,” Biofabrication, vol. 5, pp. 1-13, 2013 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cZ8_NL3Jfg

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Skeletal System Bone plate Purpose : To hold and to assist remodeling of two broken/fractured bones Materials : Ti & its alloys, SS & its alloys, cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) & its alloys, etc Required property : Able to withstand load bearing Bone plate Bone screw http://www.medicalexpo.com/prod/ortho-solutions

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Oral System Dental implant Dental implant Purpose : To hold artificial tooth in replacing dysfunctional/damaged tooth Materials : Ti & its alloys, SS & its alloys, alumina & its alloys, etc Required property : Able to withstand high occlusion load, bioactive, antibacterial http://drstonedds.com/dental-implant-cost/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jqdb7yieEI

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Oral System Guided bone & tissue Regeneration membrane Purpose : To be the barrier between crestal bone and gingivae for bone tissues regeneration Materials : Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), CaP, etc Required property : Biodegradable, bioactive, flexible GTR/GBR membrane http://www.hypro.cz/en-membrany.html

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Cardiovascular System Balloon stent system Stent Purpose : To remove blood clot inside the blood vessel and to support weak blood vessel Materials : SS & its alloys, Teflon, Co-Cr & its alloys, etc Required property : Able to deploy, hydrophobic, adequate mechanical strength http://www.ev3.net/peripheral/intl/be-stents/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3z9FLYijrQ

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Cardiovascular System Heart valve Heart valve Purpose : To replace dysfunctional/damaged heart valve Materials : SS & its alloys, carbon, reprocessed tissues, etc Required property : Flexible, able to reduce immunologic reactivity, tough Heart valve open and close 40 million times a year. Others use pig and cow valves. Able to open close 60 times per minute. F http://ptvhc.com/u-s-fda-grants-expanded-labeling-claim-to-on-x-life-technologies-reducing-blood-thinning-requirements-for-heart-valve-patients/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzoLce84cag

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Cardiovascular System Catheter Materials : Silicon rubber, Teflon, nylon, polyurethane (PU), latex, etc Required property : Flexible, hydrophobic Catheter Pacemaker casing Materials : Ti & its alloys, SS & its alloys, etc Required property : Light-weight, anti-corrode Pacemaker http://www.millercatheter.com/ http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/healthcare-professionals/products/cardiac-rhythm/pacemakers.html

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Organ Artificial heart Purpose : To replace dysfunctional/damaged heart Materials : Polyurethane Artificial kidney Purpose : To replace dysfunctional/damaged kidney Materials : Cellulose, polyacrylonitrile http://blowe2016.edu.glogster.com/artificial-heart http://www.kidneybuzz.com/

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Organ Artificial skin Purpose : For skin grafting and to induce regeneration of skin Materials : Silicone-collagen composite Required property : Flexible, low stiffness, biodegradable https://lifeboat.com/blog/2016/02/artificial-skin

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Senses Contact lense Purpose : To improve or correct human vision Materials : Silicone-acrylate Hydrogel Cochlear implant Purpose : To replace dysfunctional/damaged cochlear Materials : Platinum electrodes http://sciblogs.co.nz/code-for-life/2013/09/17/letting-deaf-hear/ https://www.lenspick.com/

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Senses Intraocular lense Purpose : To replace eye lense after cataract surgery Materials : PMMA, silicone rubber, hydrogel, etc >75 age, suffer cataract https://www.hoopesvision.com/cataract-overview/standard-intraocular-lens/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNdbEp88M4s

Application of Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Application of Biomaterials Number of biomedical devices restoration in U.S B. D. Ratner, A. S. Hoffman, F. J. Schoen, J. E. Lemons, “Biomaterials science: A multidisciplinary endeavor,” in Biomaterials Science:An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Elsevier Inc., California, 2004, pp. 3

Evolution of Biomaterials Science & Technology: Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Evolution of Biomaterials Science & Technology: < 2000 years : Romans, Chinese, Aztecs used gold (Au) in dentistry 1860 : Aseptic surgery 1900 : Bone plate 1937 : PMMA 1960 : Development of artificial heart valve. PMMA, UHMWPE, PE and SS for total hip replacement ~1970 : Strong biomaterials field 1975 : Formation of Biomaterials Society Society for Biomaterials (SFB) – Registered in Atlanta, Georgia Malaysian Biomaterials Society – Registered in Selangor. Not active Europian Society for Biomaterials – Registered in France Institute of Materials, Malaysia – Registered in Malaysia B. D. Ratner, A. S. Hoffman, F. J. Schoen, J. E. Lemons, “A history of biomaterials,” in Biomaterials Science:An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Elsevier Inc., California, 2004, pp. 10-19

Host-material interaction Synthesis Development Design Optimisation Characterisation Property analysis Chemical testing Mechanical testing Biological testing Clinical testing Host-material interaction Human application Lifetime Chronology Fabrication Sterilisation Packaging Dr. Syafiqah Saidin

Advanced in Biomaterials Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Advanced in Biomaterials 3D growth of cells and tissues reconstruction Biosensors, biomimetic and smart devices Drug delivery and targeted delivery Hybrid organs Advanced processing techniques Advanced development of materials with bioactive, biodegradable, antibacterial, etc, properties

Class Activity Form a group of five. Dr. Syafiqah Saidin Class Activity Form a group of five. Select one biomedical device/apparatus. Identify its application. Determine what specific materials are used to construct the devices. Relate the materials properties of the devices with its application. Present your finding Record your group presentation Upload in the E-Learning, Assignment 1 section 15 minutes 5-10 minutes