Methodology and Measurement: Panel Study of Income Dynamics Narayan Sastry University of Michigan

Outline Health-Education Relationship Research Methods Measurement: PSID Overview and design features of PSID Content domains in Core PSID Administrative data linkages PSID supplements Child Development Supplement (CDS) Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS) Future opportunities

Health-Education Relationship What is the causal direction? At older ages, at individual level: education  health Uncovering pathways and processes For children, adolescents, and young adults: health  education Example: chronic conditions lead to school absence, stigma, constrained family resources Bi-directionality of relationship unfolds over the lifecourse Effects of health on education in childhood may be a key process for replicating socioeconomic disadvantage across generations

Health-Education Relationship (continued) Aspects of the K-12 education systems may affect child health Schools environments may affect children’s stress, anxiety, and depression Physical exercise and nutrition may affect child obesity Environmental exposures/pollution may affect health and functioning

Research Methods Measured, unmeasured, and unmeasurable factors at the individual and family levels may affect both health and education (including school choice) Research on health-education requires longitudinal data on individuals and families to control convincingly for these factors (especially unmeasured or unmeasurable factors) using methods such as: Randomized controlled trials Natural experiments such as policy changes (e.g., mandatory schooling) Statistical methods Instrumental variables Individual or family fixed effects (data on siblings) Propensity score techniques (e.g., marginal structural models or structural nested mean models) Require a variety of assumptions Much more causal research on education  health (than the opposite) Better data (on previously unmeasured or unmeasurable factors affecting both health and education) is particularly important

Overview of PSID

Overview of PSID PSID is a national longitudinal household panel study, which started in 1968 with 5,000 families to understand dynamics of income and poverty in the United States Following the same families since 1968 and their descendants “Split-off” families for grown children with independent households Covers 3+ generations from same family; siblings and cousins

Overview of PSID (continued) “Refreshed” with samples of new immigrants in 1997 and 2017 39 waves of data collected annually 1968–1997, and biennially from 1999 through 2015 In-person (1968-1972), telephone (1973-1993), CATI (1993-present), web (future?) Length: 1 hr (1968-1972); 30 mins (1973-1997); 60-80 mins (1999-) 9,079 interviews in 2015

Unique Design Features Nationally representative of U.S. families with sample weights Oversample of low-income & African-American households 93–98% wave-to-wave core reinterview rate

A Wide Array of Data in PSID Employment Income detail Expenditures Demographics Education Program participation Housing Housework Child care Vehicle inventory & expenses Physical & mental health Wealth & active savings Philanthropic giving & volunteering Marriage & fertility History Household composition Computer use

Administrative Linkages Current (Restricted Data) Geospatial Information National Death Index (through 2013) Medicare Claims (CMS) School Identifiers (CCD, PSS, IPEDS) Assisted housing (HUD) Planned/Proposed 1940 Census Social Security (with Census/SSA) SNAP Private Sector: Zillow

PSID Supplements

Original CDS CDS Panel Began in 1997—first data collection on PSID children Up to two children/family aged 0–12 years in 1997 Interviews with 3,563 children from 2,394 families Modules administered to caregivers and older children Cohort design, with three rounds of data collection: 1997, 2002/03, & 2007/08 Response rates of 88–91% each round

CDS Content Health Limitations Chronic conditions Obesity /*/ Health care utilization Health care expenditures Nutrition Exercise Sleep Smoking Health insurance Behavior problems Depression Self-esteem Risky behaviors Thrill seeking Anti-social behaviors Drug and alcohol abuse/dependence Genetics /*/ Education Parental educational expectations child educational expectations Enrollment Type of school Tuition Attendance Government lunch & breakfast programs Attended class/school for gifted students Attended special education Course grades Repeated grade Dropping out of school Ability self-concepts in reading and math Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement School Characteristics External data on characteristics of school attended from NCES and other sources /*/

CDS-2014 Collects data on next generation of PSID children ~15% have a parent in original CDS Plan to shift from a cohort model to collecting data on all PSID children every 5/6 years In steady-state: Observe children three times from birth to age 18 years Each wave adds new children born since previous wave Numerous cohort and period comparisons possible In 2014, 3,900 children from 2,600 families Fielded from October 2014 to April 2015 Initial data release in May 2016

CDS-2014 Design Telephone interviews with: Primary caregivers Older children aged 12–17 years (IVR for sensitive topics) Face-to-face interviews with 50% of the sample Conducting cognitive assessments and observations Obtain saliva samples and anthropometry Time diaries In-person interviews with children 8–11 years Linkage with administrative records Neighborhood characteristics School characteristics from NCES for public & private schools Academic achievement based on school and state test records Vital statistics birth records

CDS-2014 Response Rates Coverscreen: 2,854 / 3,296 = 87% Primary caregiver: 2,536 / 2,877 = 88% Similar RR to CDS-I in 1997 Child: data collected on 3,860 children Response rates on supplementary components: Child 12-17 IVR Time diaries Saliva samples Birth records School records FTF - 72% 69% 58% 54% TEL  - 29% 33% 32% Overall 73% 49% 46% 43%

PSID Transition into Adulthood Supplement Focus on important developmental stage Years between last CDS interview in adolescence and Core PSID interview as head or spouse/partner Blends measures from CDS with Core PSID content Original TAS followed CDS children starting at age 18 years Six waves: 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, & 2015 Successor planned for 2017 and 2019 and beyond Will include young adults from (a) original CDS, (b) CDS-2014, and (c) neither Ages 18–28 years New fertility measures harmonized with NSFG New retrospective reports covering childhood circumstances

PSID Future Opportunities

PSID Future Opportunities Better measurement of health outcomes Reported health indicators may be biased systematically Would like to add objective health indicators Linkage with health records (Medicare) Better measurement of education outcomes Measuring skills/achievement costly because require face-to-face visits Grades and other measures of school performance may not be comparable Administrative data linkages are promising Student scores on state tests mandated by No Child Left Behind legislation Scores from college entrance tests (e.g., PSAT, SAT, and ACT) Achievement tests that can be collected remotely—by telephone, a mail-out/mail-back protocol, or using the Internet

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