DON’T discuss your answers to these questions with the people around you What is something that you bought that you really enjoyed (or regretted)? What is one example of good advice that you have received? What is one TV show that you liked as a child? If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go?

Partner A close your eyes

Partner B You are to LIE about ONE question (you pick which one). Tell the truth for the other three questions.

Partner B close your eyes

Partner A You are to LIE about ONE question (you pick which one). Tell the truth for the other three questions.

Discuss! What is something that you bought that you really enjoyed (or regretted)? What is one example of good advice that you have received? What is one TV show that you liked as a child? If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go?

Who thought that their partner might have been lying on one or more question?

Smiling: genuine/fake Lie to me clip Deception

Thinking about the activity It is estimated that 1 out of 4 conversations contains an element of deception (Buller & Burgoon) Are people good at detecting lies in this context? Why/why not?

Overview Deception definition Why you can tell when people are lying Interpersonal deception theory Four-Factor Model Detecting deception Behavior clusters Environmental considerations Getting a liar to confess to a lie

What is deception? Definition: Deception occurs when communicators control the information contained in their messages to convey a meaning that departs from the truth as they know it. This rules out mistaken or unintended lies.

Leakage Def. Behavior outside conscious control that may signal dishonesty Common leakage cues: Self-adaptors Increased blinking and enlarged pupils Speech errors or hesitations Higher pitch Discrepancies between verbal & nonverbal channels

Deceivers make more strategic moves and leak more nonverbal cues than truth tellers. VS

Skilled liars appear more believable because they make more strategic moves and leak fewer nonverbal cues than unskilled liars.

Four-Factor Model Why people behave differently when lying? Four factors: physiological arousal felt emotions attempted control cognitive effort

1. Physiological arousal: people are more anxious or aroused when lying. Are people more or less persuasive when they are anxious? Less! Why? Because of leakage cues Speech hesitations Repeating phrases More fidgeting

Why are there “known” things that people do when lying? Physiological reaction Heart rate increases, adrenaline, sweating Greater blood flow causes you to heat up This leads to sweating Rashes, itchiness Blushing, red face

BUT would the situation for the lie change the level of anxiety? Low consequence lie = minor physiological arousal, minor leakage cues High consequence lie = high physiological arousal, major leakage cues

2. Liars have different affect/emotions than truth-tellers, and thus display more negative emotions. What emotions do people feel when lying?

3. Liars attempt to control their behavior more than truth-tellers so they don’t get caught lying. Does my facial expression say “calm”? Am I smiling too much? Am I making enough eye contact?

Sending Capacity Hypothesis: when we try to control behavior, we pay more attention to some behaviors and less to others Thinking About: -Facial Expression -Eye Contact -Verbal Story Not Thinking About: -Arms -Legs/Feet -Vocal Pitch

4. Lying requires more cognitive effort than telling the truth. What are things that you think about when lying to make it believable? You have to come up with a story on the spot You have to remember your story Monitoring the other person’s feedback

Lies: More or Less Persuasive Lies are more difficult to tell when… They are spontaneous (rather than planned) The consequences of getting caught are greater They are longer The person is emotional

Criticism of the Four-Factor Model The Model assumes that lying requires more cognitive effort and creates anxiety BUT there may be cases where this isn’t true Think of “white lies” Sometimes it may be easier to tell a white lie than to come up with a tactful way to tell the truth

Content from Mike Reddington Professional Interrogation Company Detecting Deception Content from Mike Reddington Professional Interrogation Company

How do we know when someone is lying? What do people do when lying?

No single behavior is always indicative of truth or deception.

First, establish behavioral norms by asking questions to which the person will tell the truth.

Second, identify behavioral clusters occurring on time to stress. Stressful Question Before Stressful Question Identify behavioral clusters occurring on time to stress Two or more behaviors that change at the same time No one behavior is reliable enough And these behaviors have to happen when they are particularly stressed (on time to stress)

You have to evaluate behaviors within the totality of the circumstances. Need to evaluate their behavior given what content is being discussed Are people doing the behavior because they are lying to you? Or is it because their ex-girlfriend is standing behind you and they are nervous?

Factors that influence behavior shifts Who is lying People do different things Who the person is lying to Relationship between liar and receiver Subject of the lie Perceived consequences of getting caught lying

Why can’t we just list nonverbal behaviors that are typical when lying? Environment E.g., someone who is cold behaves differently than someone who is hot Culture Personal History E.g., do the person have experience with being in trouble? Personal Biography E.g., neck injury

Microexpressions

There are 6.5 universal emotions Anger, Happiness, Disgust, Surprise, Sadness, Fear

Contempt – added later

www.paulekman.com

www.paulekman.com

Micro-Expressions Test Yourself! http://www.cio.com/article/facial-expressions-test

Smiling Genuine smiling = halo effect Friendliness Kindness Altruism Godoy et al., 2005 Women report using more fake smiling than men, and use it to mask negative emotions Woodzicka, 2008

Fake vs. Genuine Smiles http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/ I got 17 out of 20 correct

Genuine Smile Automatic Response Watch corner of eyes Eyebrow movement Wrinkles appear Eyes crease, sometimes become narrower Eyebrow movement G: 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19 F: 2,3,4,7,9,12,13,14,18,20

Take-Away Points Definitions of key terms E.g., deception, leakage, falsification, Sending Capacity Hypothesis What are common leakage cues? What are the two propositions of the interpersonal deception theory? What are the three types of lies according to interpersonal deception theory? What are the four factors in the Four-Factor Model?

Take-Away Points Vocab: deception, leakage, Sending Capacity Hypothesis How does leakage relate to deception? Who has more leakage: truth-tellers vs. liars, skilled liars vs. unskilled liars What are the components of Four-Factor Model? How can you detect deception? What do you need to know about the person? What do you need to consider when interpreting their behavior? What are microexpressions? What are the 6.5 universal emotions? How can you tell when someone is fake smiling?