National and Regional Growth Chapter 11: Section 3 National and Regional Growth

Chapter 11 Sections 1 & 2 Review Early Industry and inventions. Section one discussed the Industrial Revolution.

Review Questions What was the Industrial Revolution? Why were the New England states a good place to build factories? Who invented interchangeable parts? How did interchangeable parts benefit manufacturing? Who invented the cotton gin? How did the cotton gin effect population in the Southern states? What invention increased communication between the states? What invention made rivers more easily navigated? What invention increased wheat production in the Midwest? Who invented the steam boat? Who invented the reaper? Who invented the telegraph? What group of people were employed most by factories such as the Lowell Mills? How did the North and the South begin to develop differently?

Section 2 discussed slavery. What were some of the hardships faced by slaves in the South? Did slaves ever rebel?

Chapter 11 – Section 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism A Voice From the Past: Every nation should anxiously endeavor to establish its absolute independence, and consequently be able to feed and clothe and defend itself. If it rely upon a foreign supply that may be cut off . . . . It cannot be independent. Henry Clay

Discussion What does Henry Clay mean in this statement? Is the United States presently independent? What foreign product do you think we are most dependent upon? Do you see any problems associated with our dependency on that product?

Nationalism Unites the Country In 1815, President Madison presented a plan to Congress for making the United States economically self – sufficient. In other words, the country would prosper and grow by itself, without foreign products or foreign markets.

The plan – which Henry Clay promoted as the American System included three main actions: Establish a protective tariff. This type of tax makes foreign goods more expensive to buy than American made goods. Establish a national bank. Remember that Thomas Jefferson had closed the first National Bank. Madison created the Second National Bank. This benefited the economy because the bank created a common currency (money that was the same from state to state). Improve the country’s transportation system. Improved transportation would make shipping products around the country easier and less costly.

Roads and Canals Link Cities To improve the nation’s transportation system, the government funded the Cumberland or National Road. This road led from Maryland to Illinois

The government also improved water transportation The government also improved water transportation. The period from 1825 – 1850 is often called the age of canals. The massive Erie Canal created a water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York. The Erie Canal opened the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley to population. The Erie Canal was 4 feet deep, 40 feet wide, and 360 miles long.

The Era of Good Feelings In 1816, James Monroe, another Democratic Republican was elected to office. The Federalist party fizzled out, leaving only one political party in existence for a time. This led to a feeling of unity in our government. At the same time, improved transportation and communication among the states led Americans to begin to consider themselves United States citizens more than as citizens of a state or region. This is called nationalism – a feeling of pride in one’s country.

Landmark Supreme Court Cases during the Era of Good Feelings Gibbons v. Ogden - Two steamship operators fought over shipping rights on the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey. The court ruled that interstate commerce (trade between the states) could only be regulated by the Federal Government – not state governments.

McCulloch v. Maryland – the state of Maryland wanted to tax its branch of the national bank. If this tax were allowed, the states could claim to have power over federal government. The Court ruled that states could not tax a national bank.

Discussion Question What did the court cases of McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden have in common? What institution’s authority grew as a result of the Court’s rulings in these two cases?

Setting National Boundaries The nationalist spirit also made U.S. leaders want to define and expand the country’s borders. To do this, they had to reach agreements with Spain and Britian. Two agreements improved relations between the United States and Britian.

The Rush – Bagot Agreement (1817) This agreement limited both the American and British navy on the Great Lakes. In other words, it set up a certain number of naval ships from each side that would be allowed on the Great Lakes. Why would this be important to the United States and Great Britain?

Convention of 1818 In this convention, the United States and England (Britain) set the 49th parallel as the official boundary between the United States and Canada. This stopped all territorial disputes along the border.

Adams – Onis Treaty Relations between the United States and Spain were tense. The Seminole Indians in Spanish Florida raided farms in Georgia and then ran back to Florida to hide. Also, pirates and other outlaws used Florida as a refuge from United States law.

President Monroe ordered Andrew Jackson to stop the Seminole raids President Monroe ordered Andrew Jackson to stop the Seminole raids. Jackson chased the Seminoles into Florida and then claimed Florida for the United States. Monroe gave Spain a choice: Either turn Florida over to the United States or “clean it up” and police the territory. In the Adams – Onis Treaty, Spain gave Florida to the United States.

Sectional Tensions Increase The feeling of national unity – Nationalism – was threatened by sectionalism. Sectionalism is a feeling of loyalty to the interests of your own region or section of the country rather than to the nation as a whole. Can you think of a modern day example of how sectionalism creates tensions and disunity in our American cities?

Economic changes had created some divisions within the United States Economic changes had created some divisions within the United States. How were these regions developing differently economically? The North The South

The West At the same time the North was growing in industry and the South becoming more agricultural, the West was growing in population and territories were applying to become states.

Missouri Compromise The territory of Missouri applied for statehood in 1817. Missouri was west of the Northwest territories, and therefore was not bound by the Northwest Ordinance which had forbidden slavery in the Northwest Territory. The people of Missouri wanted to make the new state a slave state.

At the time that Missouri applied for statehood, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states in the United States. There was already tension between the free and slave states. Many people in the free states abhorred slavery and wanted it to eventually be abolished by Congress. People in the slave states depended on slavery for their economic system of plantation agriculture. They feared that if Congress abolished slavery, their economy would fall apart.

Discussion Question Why did people in the free states and people in the slave states argue so adamantly about Missouri’s addition as either a free or slave state?

A Compromise is Reached Debate raged in Congress over whether to admit Missouri as free or slave. Thankfully, Maine (which had previously been a territory of the state of Virginia) applied for statehood. Maine wasn’t interested in becoming a slave state. Why not?

The Missouri Compromise So, the United States settled the issue of Missouri by allowing Missouri to become a slave state and Maine a free state. This kept the balance of free and slave states in Congress. In addition to adding the two states, The Missouri Compromise also stated that the territory south of Missouri would remain free from slavery.

Discussion Question After the Missouri Compromise was reached, Thomas Jefferson – at that time nearly 80 years old – said, “In the gloomiest moment of the Revolutionary War I never had any apprehension (fear) equal to what I feel from this source.” What do you think he feared?

European Threats The nation was not only threatened by sectionalism. In Latin America, several countries had fought and gained independence from Spain and Portugal. European monarchies planned to help Spain and Portugal fight to regain their colonies.

Also, Russia had moved into the Alaskan territory and had trading posts all the way down the West Coast as far as San Francisco.

President Monroe was afraid that European Monarchies (kings and queens) would try and fight to gain back territory in North and South America. This was a threat to the independence of the United States.

The Monroe Doctrine In December of 1823, President Monroe issued a statement that became known as the Monroe Doctrine.

The Monroe Doctrine stated that both North and South America was closed to colonization by European powers. He warned that if Europe tried to gain a foothold in the Americas it could lead to war. Also, the Monroe Doctrine promised that the United States would stay out of European affairs