ERIK ERIKSON 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erik Erikson 1902-1994 Born in Frankfurt to Danish parents Abandoned prior to birth by father Step-dad-Jewish Pediatrician Uncertain about identity in youth No advanced degree Trained under Anna Freud-child analyst 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Theory For Erikson, the most important force driving human behavior and the development of personality was social interaction. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

“Eight Stages of Man" was unique in that it covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood and adolescent development. Erikson left his native Germany in the 1930's and immigrated to America where he studied Native American traditions of human development and continued his work as a psychoanalyst. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Theory The individual is provided with a "sensitive period" in which to successfully resolve each crisis before a new crisis is presented. Erikson’s view was that the social environment combined with biological maturation provides each individual with a set of “crises” that must be resolved. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Theory The results of the resolution, whether successful or not, are carried forward to the next crisis and provide the foundation for its resolution. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Epigenetic Principle There Is A Natural, Predetermined Order To Development. Personality growth follows a sequence of inner, predetermined laws. Each person develops through a sequence of stages that emerge in accordance with this preset plan. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Trust-------------------------------------Mistrust At each stage a person is confronted with a CRISIS that must be resolved. Each crisis is represented by a healthy versus an unhealthy resolution that can be represented as polar opposites on a straight line. Trust-------------------------------------Mistrust 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

A person’s social environment has an extremely important effect on how each crisis is resolved, but it does not determine the order in which stages emerge! Thus, there is a predetermined, genetic plan of what constitutes a healthy personality (a positive resolution at each stage). 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

The epigenetic principle states that: …there is a universal, biologically determined conception of what a healthy personality is. What constitutes a healthy personality is not arbitrary or socially determined. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

The stages are sequential but they are NOT HIERARCHICAL. Each new stage emerges according to the predetermined biological plan irrespective of how successful the resolution of the previous stage was. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages 1 Child develops a belief that the environment can be counted on to meet his or her basic physiological and social needs. Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 0-1 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Trust vs Mistrust - Infancy GOAL: successful nursing, peaceful warmth, comfortable exertion – HEALTHY BONDING – feelings of trust & hope Disruption: feeling mistrust & abandonment-insecurity, suspicion of environment-world cannot be trusted 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Mother Psychosocial modalities To get and to give in return 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Virtue –hope (a good balance) Maladaptive Tendency (too much Trust not enough Mistrust) Sensory maladjustment Malignant Tendency (too much Mistrust not enough Trust) Withdrawal Virtue –hope (a good balance) 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 2 Child learns what he/she can control and develops a sense of free will and corresponding sense of regret and sorrow for inappropriate use of self-control. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toddlerhood 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 2-3 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt GOAL: child have control over body – toilet training – successful difference between right & wrong, control over impulses Disruption: if overcontrolled & punitive-negative self-image. I am bad, I can never succeed 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Parents Psychosocial modalities To hold onto to let go 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Maladaptive Tendency (too much autonomy not enough shame) Impulsiveness Malignant Tendency (too much shame not enough autonomy) Compulsiveness Virtue -Willpower 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages 3 Child learns to begin action, to explore, to imagine as well as feeling remorse for actions. Initiative vs. Guilt Early Childhood 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 3-6 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Initiative vs Guilt GOAL: to plan and carry out actions & get along with peers as autonomous & independent person – Preschool Disruption: fear of pursuing of goals in life-inability to make decisions, lack of initiative taking- poor risk taking-low self-confidence 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Family Psychosocial modalities To go after to play 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Maladaptive Tendency (too much Initiative not enough Guilt) Ruthlessness Malignant Tendency (too much Guilt not enough Initiative) Inhibition Virtue -Purpose 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages Industry vs. Inferiority 4 Industry vs. Inferiority Child learns to do things well or correctly in comparison to a standard or to others Middle Childhood 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 6-12 (approx.) 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Industry vs Inferiority GOAL: derive pleasure & satisfaction from completion of tasks – Grammar-Middle school – Success- Problem solver & pride in accomplishment - competent Disruption: feelings of inferior, unable to accomplish, incompetent, not as good as peers 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Neighborhood and school Psychosocial modalities To compete, to make things togethe 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Maladaptive Tendency (too much Industry not enough Inferiority) Narrow virtuosity Malignant Tendency (too much Inferiority not enough Industry) Inertia Virtue-Competency 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages Identity vs. Role Confusion 5 Develops a sense of self in relationship to others and to own internal thoughts and desires social identity personal identity Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence 5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion 12-18 (approx.) 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Peer groups and role models Psychosocial modalities To be oneself, to share oneself 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Repudiation Maladaptive Tendency Ego Identity/role confusion Fanaticism Malignant Tendency role confusion/Identity Repudiation Virtue-Fidelity 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation Develops ability to give and receive love; begins to make long-term commitment to relationships Young Adulthood 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 20s 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Intimacy vs Isolation GOAL: to learn interacting on deeper level, revealing Self to others, find companionship with similar others, love relationship with partner Disruption: inability to create strong social ties, loss self in isolation & loneliness, becomes a loner or superficial 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Partners and friends Psychosocial modalities To lose and find oneself in another 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Maladaptive Tendency (Too much Intimacy/ Not enough Isolation) Promiscuity Malignant Tendency (Too much Isolation/ Not enough Intimacy) Exclusion Virtue-Love 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages Generativity vs. Stagnation 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation Develops interest in guiding the development of the next generation Middle Adulthood 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation Adulthood 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Generativity vs Stagnation GOAL: value giving self to others-form bearing & raising children-community service-give back to world-ensure success of future generations Disruption: feelings that life is worthless & boring-life is meaningless-not enjoying worldly success 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Household and workmates Psychosocial modalities To make be, to take care of 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Maladaptive Tendency (Too much Generativity/ Not enough Stagnation) Overextension Malignant Tendency (Too much Stagnation/ Not enough Generativity) Rejectivity Virtue-Caring 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Erikson’s Eight Stages Ego-integrity vs. Despair 8 Develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was lived and the importance of the people and relationships that individual developed over the lifespan Ego-integrity vs. Despair Later Adulthood 8. Integrity vs. Despair Old age 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Ego Integrity vs Despair GOAL: in old age-derive wisdom from life experiences-look back on life see meaning, order & integrity-pleasant reflections-present pursuits- Disruption: sense of despair: I have not accomplished what I would have liked to in life-it now is too late to do anything about it 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Significant relations: Mankind or “my kind” Psychosocial modalities To be through having been, to face not being. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

Maladaptive Tendency (Too much Ego Identity/ Not enough Dispair) Presumption Malignant Tendency (Too much Dispair/ Not enough Ego Identity) Disdain Virtue-Wisdom 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

REVIEW 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

COMPARISON OF STAGES FREUD ERIKSON Genital Latency Oedipal Anal Oral 5. Identity vs. Role Diffusion 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 3. Initiative vs. guilt 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

ERIKSON’S ADULT STAGES 8. Integrity vs. Despair 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (self-absorption) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

A major criticism of Erikson’s theory is that it is based primarily on work done with boys and men. 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology

ERIK ERIKSON 5/9/2018 Adult Psychology