Module 2 Navigation, HMS Challenger and Rocky Shores Mrs. Strohfeldt Marine Science Module 2 Navigation, HMS Challenger and Rocky Shores Mrs. Strohfeldt

What should I have completed? All of Module 1 Still need to enter a few Elluminate/Independent student assignment grades (10pts. Per week) Look at your grade!

What should I be working on? Module 2 Article Discussion 2.01 Navigation Worksheet was due (past due) 2.02 HMS Challenger Journal due 9/30 (due today) 2.03 Exploring the Rocky shores due 10/2-Fri. 2.05 Crabby Crustaceans Lab next week Need a crustacean Shrimp, lobster or crab Dead or alive!

Module 2: The Journey Really Begins 4 weeks long Now-middle of October

2.01 Navigation

2.01 Navigation Latitude Longitude Measures how far north or south you are from the Equator Lines run east-west 0-90N (+) and 0-90S(-) Longitude Measures how far east or west you are from the Prime Meridian Lines run north-south 0-180E(+) and 0-180W (-)

2.01 Navigation Distance between two places: http://www.indo.com/cgi-bin/dist Latitude and Longitude Finder http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/gazetteer Use these site links to help you complete the 2.01 Assignment questions.

2.01 Navigational Tools Cross-staff…measured the altitude of the sun/star above the horizon difficult to read since the person needed to take mearsurement while looking into sun. Quadrant…used to determine latitude using the altitude of the sun Astrolab …similar to quadrant but more accurate Chronometer…helped determine longitude Compass…allowed navigators to not rely on stars

2.02-2.03 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist

HMS Challenger First expedition funded for the SPECIFIC purpose of examining the deep sea floor and answering widespread questions about the ocean environment. It was thought that the ocean was a “dead zone” below 1800 feet They also wanted to further prove the findings of Darwin (on the HMS Beagle) The expedition was led by British naturalist John Murray and Scottish naturalist Charles Wyville Thompson Sailed from Portsmouth, England on December 21, 1872

The Royal Society The scientific objectives as determined by the Royal Society were: To investigate the physical conditions of the deep sea in the great ocean basins (as far as the neighborhood of the Great Southern Ice Barrier) in regard to depth, temperature, circulation, specific gravity and penetration of light. To determine the chemical composition of seawater at various depths from the surface to the bottom, the organic matter in solution and the particles in suspension. To ascertain the physical and chemical character of deep-sea deposits and the sources of these deposits. To investigate the distribution of organic life at different depths and on the deep seafloor

Their Journey HMS Challenger set sail from December 1872-May 1876 Entered, observed, and studied ALL oceans except the Arctic Observations made and samples taken included: water depth temperature at various depths weather conditions water conditions at surface and sometimes at depth seafloor samples water samples samples of plant and animal life at various depths

Devices Used for Measurements Sounding- measured depths by lowering a weighted line to the bottom Dredge- Metal nets shaped into bags that took samples from the seafloor Trawls- Metal nets used to catch larger animals at a variety of depths Many nets of different sizes and shapes

Miller-Casella thermometer- used for temperature readings Miller-Casella thermometer- used for temperature readings. U-shaped tube held mercury and 2 floating markers that recorded the highest and lowest water temperatures Negretti and Zambra thermometer- reversing thermometer. More accurately measured temperature at greater depths Log- simple float used to measure surface current Current/weighted drag- measured currents below the surface

Why was this Journey Important? Discovered THOUSANDS of new species of marine life at depths once thought to not sustain life Discovered Mariana’s Trench (one of the deepest parts of the ocean) Discovered the first basic outline of the shape of the ocean basic, including the Mid Atlantic Ridge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_ikP-N6Zuw

2.02-2.03 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist

2.02-2.03 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist

2.02 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist 3 days of a ship’s log journal Each day: where the ship is what date you were there weather conditions Day 1: Tools that Scientists Use Day 2: Activities and Meals on the Ship Day 3: Illness Grading rubric and works cited!

2.032.03 Ocean Exploration GoalGoal is to creat a timeline of ocean exploration and discovery since 1876, when the HMS Challenger expedition ended. Year Name of the expedition Who conducted the expedition (country or scientist) What did they discover/learn on the expedition New technology used on the expedition (if any) A minimum of 10 expeditions required for credit

2.03 In class time to work with a partner Submit your own work

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Site where you can enter lat and longitude to find a location: http://atlas.mapquest.com/maps/latlong.adp Zoom out to see location on map of world

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Rocky shores form as a result of marine erosion by rising sea level and wave action. Resistant bedrock erodes slowly and produces steep gradients. granite, slate and quartzite

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Seashore life occurs in zones Tolerance for exposure to light and air determines the zone organisms live in. 1. Splash zone Above the level of the highest tides is the, strongly affected by salt spray. 2. Upper shore not covered by every high tide few species can tolerate the dry conditions 3. Middle shore covered and uncovered by every tide. Most seashore animals and plants live here 4. Lower shore is only exposed during the low tides of spring tides and this is where many delicate species may be found those that cannot withstand exposure

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Splash zone Upper shore Middle shore Lower shore

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Splash zone Bare of plants May contain lichens-can tolerate salt here! May have a few limpets, periwinkles

Limpets Mollusca Cling to rocks Can tolerate a wide range of habitats and conditions of exposure and dampness Eat algae off of rocks Muscular foot for anchoring

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Upper shore Algae and lichens Few more animals-limpets, periwinkles, barnacles

Periwinkles Mollusca Eaten for food Not native, brought here in 1800’s Eats mainly algae

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Middle shore Brown rockweeds, red and green seaweeds Large zone of barnacles Periwinkles Hydroids Blue mussels

Red and Green Seaweed

Hydroids Cnidarians Carnivores

Barnacles Crustaceans Cement themselves to rocks Feed on particles in water

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores Lower shore Irish moss, Calcareous Algae and some Kelp Greatest diversity of animals Common Periwinkles, Limpets, Green Sea Urchins, isopods and amphipods. sponges, hydroids, tube worms, Horse Mussels, brittle starfish and tunicates. Sea Anemones, Scale Worms, Purple Starfish, Rock Crabs and Sea Slugs.

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores

2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores

2.04 Rocky Shores Assignment Use your resources!!! Lets look at what you need to do!!