2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The muscoSkeleton 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Skeleton Comprised of 206 bones Function: Forms framework of body Protects vital organs Works with muscular system to produce movement 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Axial Skeleton Consists of: Skull Eight cranial bones 14 bones of face Spinal column Ribs Sternum 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Skull 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Spinal Column 33 vertebrae divided into five regions: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx Between vertebrae Disks of cartilage Add strength and flexibility 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Appendicular Skeleton Consists of: Arm bones Leg bones Shoulder girdle Pelvis Two pelvic bones Formed of three fused bones Ilium Large, flared upper bone 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Skeleton Illustrated 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Joints Known as articulations Classified by amount of movement they allow Suture = immoveable joint Held together by fibrous connective tissue Symphysis = slightly moveable joint Connected by fibrous cartilage 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Joints (con’t) Synovial joint = freely moveable joint Allow for wide-range of movements Synovial fluid contained within diarthrotic cavity Protects joint by cushioning and lubricating Produced by synovial membrane Ligaments connect articulating bones Stabilze and strengthen synovial joints 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton Infections Osteomyelitis = inflammation of bone Caused by pus-forming bacteria Tuberculosis May spread to bone, especially long bones and wrist, ankle bones If in spine called Pott disease 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Metabolic Bone Diseases Osteoporosis = loss of bone mass Weakens bones Most susceptible: Women over 50 Possible prevention Adequate calcium intake Weight-bearing exercises Diagnosed and monitored with DEXA scan 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Metabolic Bone Diseases (con’t) Osteomalacia = softening of bone tissue Possible causes: Deficiency of vitamin D Renal disorders Liver disease Certain intestinal disorders Paget disease (osteitis deformans) Disorder of aging Bones overgrown and thicker Usually involves bones of axial skeleton 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Arthritis Joint inflammation Most common form is osteoarthritis Joint cavity narrows Bone thickens Cartilage may crack and break loose Treatment Analgesics Anti-inflammatory agents Physical therapy 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic inflammatory disease of joints Cause may involve immunologic reactions Overgrowth of synovial membrane Synovial fluid accumulates, causes joint swelling Degeneration of bone eventually causes ankylosis Treatment Rest Physical therapy Analgesics Anti-inflammatory drugs 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Gout Increased uric acid in blood causes salt deposits in joints May result from Metabolic disturbance Secondary effect of another disease Treatment Drugs Supress formation of uric acid Increase elimination of uric acid 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Spine Ankylosing spondylitis Disease of spine mainly in males Joint cartilage destroyed Eventually disks between vertebrae calcify Bones fuse Starts “low” and progresses upward 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The practice and the practitioners Skeletal or bone specialists include osteologists, orthopedic surgeon, osteopaths and rheumatologists. The adjective orthopedic derives from the Greek word orthos, meaning ‘’correct’’. A rheumatologist is a specialist in rheumatology, the specialty that involves the study, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic illnesses 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Muscular system Muscles are necessary for all obvious activities There are 3 kinds of muscles: skeletal ( striated), smooth (involuntary) and cardiac Ligaments connect muscles to bones, cartilage or other Tendons are similar to ligaments and are located with the muscles of the appendicular skeleton 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Muscular system 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins