Origins, Historical Development and Influential People of Person Centred Theory

Learning Outcomes Investigate the development of Person-Centred Theory From Socrates to Tudor and beyond

Humanistic Therapy Arose as a response to the limitations of Freud and Skinner Based in the philosophy of Socrates A person’s inherent drive towards self-actualisation Really it’s about trusting in humanity and believing that each human is valuable and worthy Behaviourism = skinner Psychoanyaltic = Freud = limited Socrates = No one desires evil. No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly. Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge. Virtue is sufficient for happiness.

The origins Born in 1902 Carl Ransom Rogers Wrote 16 books! Based on the phenomenal field personality theory of Combs and Snygg 1949 https://prezi.com/e8ug2w2copmv/donald-snygg-arthur-combs

Combs and Snygg 1949 Phenomenal Field, or subjective reality is all that we are aware of, including objects and people and our behaviours, thoughts and images Hunter McCabe & Zach King Hunter McCabe & Zach King (2013)

Combs and Snygg 1949 Phenomenal Theory is a theory that states that one has to walk in another's shoes to understand their beliefs, education, etc Referred to as a phenomenological theory Hunter McCabe & Zach King (2013)

Theoretical Base Based on Nineteen Propositions Development of Personality Organismic Valuing Process Fully functioning person 6 necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change Organismic Valuing Process will come up again as we move along

Rogers Quotes

Next Professor Dave Mearns Brian Thorne Developed Rogers into Person Centred Counselling in Action Professor Dave Mearns Brian Thorne

And so to: Self concept Conditions of worth Organismic Valuing Process Locus of Evaluation

Self Concept The term self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of oneself. Rogers (1959) believes that the self concept has three different components: The view you have of yourself (Self image) How much value you place on yourself (Self esteem or self-worth) What you wish you were really like (Ideal self) 1) Physical Description: I’m tall, have blue eyes...etc. 2) Social Roles: We are all social beings whose behaviour is shaped to some extent by the roles we play. Such roles as student, housewife, or member of the football team not only help others to recognize us but also help us to know what is expected of us in various situations. 3) Personal Traits: These are a third dimension of our self-descriptions. “I’m impulsive...I’m generous...I tend to worry a lot”...etc. 4) Existential Statements (abstract ones): These can range from "I’m a child of the universe" to "I’m a human being" to "I’m a spiritual being"...etc.

Self image What is yours?

Self-esteem/Self-worth http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/interactive/interactive tests/selfesteem.php Fun test

Ideal Self Michael Argyle (2008) says there are four major factors which influence its development: The ways in which others (particularly significant others) react to us. How we think we compare to others Our social roles The extent to which we identify with other people This is really about what we perceive the world to believe to be our ideal self

Ideal Self Real Self Actualisation Organismic Valuing Positive regard Positive Self-Regard Ideal Self Society Conditions of worth Conditional Positive Regard Conditional positive self-regard The bigger the gap between our real self and our ideal self, the less fulfilled we are, the less likely to achieve self-actualisation So we configure our self into something that works

Organismic Valuing Process Being affirmed in their ability to trust their own thoughts and feelings and to make decisions in accordance with their own perceptions and desires. Taught to trust themselves Carl Rogers described our actualizing tendency as being an 'organismic valuing process', where we select goals based on our inner nature and purpose. This process may include any of the following principles: Authenticity: Getting away from defensive superficiality and being oneself. Autonomy: Moving away from what you 'should' to and making your own decisions. Unconditional positive self-regard: Judging and accepting yourself as valuable and worthwhile, including all thoughts and emotional reactions. Process living: Recognising that we are in a constant state of becoming and never reach a final end point. Relatedness: Seeking close and deep relationships where you can truly appreciate and understand other people. Openness to inner and outer experience: Being able to perceive and accept how others and oneself behaves and feels. If the process of organismic valuing is continued over time then the person will become more closely aligned with their natural values. In doing so, they will become more relaxed and at ease with their life.

Conditions of worth If we follow these conditions then we have worth

Locus of Evaluation Client needs to have an internal locus of evaluation Internal locus of evaluation: Judgement based on one's own view, rather than seeking the approval of others

Then came ... Colin Lago – Race Culture and Counselling we will look at in more detail in next unit Keith Tudor – wrote a fabulous book on TA but in this instance we need to talk

References Hunter McCabe & Zach King (2013) Dave Mearns & Brian Thorne – Person-Centred Counselling in Action McLeod, S. A. (2008). Self Concept. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm- binaries/66131_Mearns.pdf Rogers, Carl. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy. London: Constable