Physical Development of The Toddler Chapter 11 Page 290

Toddlers to preschoolers Toddler = 1-2 Years Old

Toddlers to preschoolers Preschooler = 3-5 Years Old

Body Growth & Development Babies continue to grow quickly but not as quick as the first year Height & Weight Toddlers grow at different rates Children grow and develop in height, weight, proportion, posture and teeth. Proportion = The size relationship between different parts of the body. Due to environment & heredity

What would be some reasons why a child might be underdeveloped due to heredity? What would be some reasons why a child might be underdeveloped because of environment?

Patterns of development Head to Toe Near to Far Simple to Complex

Years One and Two Growth slows after first year Most girls reach 53% of their adult height by age 2 Boys usually reach 50% of their adult height by 2 Often true that a tall 2 year old will be a tall adult and vice versa

Other Body Changes 24 months, head is ¼ of total height Adults head is 1/10th.

Bones & Teeth Bones continue to become harder Degree of ossification not the same throughout the body Due to cartilage, bones are more flexible and less likely to break than an adults Fontanels (gap between skull bones, soft spots) are closed or almost closed Full set of deciduous teeth

One year olds have about 8 teeth

Children should drink water that contains flouride http://ilikemyteeth.org/fluoridation/

Baby bottle rot Baby Bottle Tooth Decay most often occurs in the upper front teeth, but other teeth may also be affected. There are many factors which can cause tooth decay. One common cause is the frequent, prolonged exposure of the baby’s teeth to drinks that contain sugar. Tooth decay can occur when the baby is put to bed with a bottle, or when a bottle is used as a pacifier for a fussy baby. Tooth decay is a disease that can begin with cavity-causing bacteria being passed from the mother (or primary caregiver) to the infant. These bacteria are passed through the saliva. When the mother puts the baby’s feeding spoon in her mouth, or cleans a pacifier in her mouth, the bacteria can be passed to the baby. If your infant or toddler does not receive an adequate amount of fluoride, they may also have an increased risk for tooth decay. The good news is that decay is preventable.

diet Mom’s diet affects baby. If mom isn’t getting an adequate diet, the teeth won’t form correctly. Vitamin D helps calcium and phosphorus work. Even as a child has teeth, a bad diet will affect their teeth- if they eat a lot of candy, gummies, soda, etc- their teeth are still growing underneath!

When should you take them? Most doctors recommend taking your child to the dentist at around 18 months. This allows them to get comfortable with the dentist. If you like dentistry, and kids- pediatric dentistry could be for you?

Fat & Muscle Tissue Fat deposits under skin decreases rapidly between 9 and 30 months Chubby baby becomes more slender Muscle development (the lengthening and thickening of muscles is slow during the toddler stage)

dexterity Skillful manipulation of the hands and fingers.

Walking Around 1st birthday may start walking unassisted Often girls walk before boys Pushing a baby to walk may not help and may hinder

Beginning Walkers Stand with feet wide apart Turn their feet outward and flex knees Walk on tiptoes Irregular steps, lurches, and weaves Tilted spine lead them to lean forward https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff4kOtLD2k8

Walking at Two Years May look like a run but it isnt Rarely go around obstacles but over them Distraction leads to toddler falls http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVTzVHfrUW4

Running True running begins at 2 years of age Not skillful runners Tends to be awkward Cant stop or start quickly

Night terrors vs. nightmares Night terrors are a type of sleep disturbance that occurs in the first few hours of sleep, when children are sleeping deeply. Children may sit up with eyes open or slightly open and cry and scream. They may or may not be able to understand why they are upset. In the morning, they often won’t remember https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvd5CUvQwm8 Nightmares are scary dreams that often seem real. Children often cannot decipher what is real and what is not. Often, stress and change can incite nightmares.

clothing Federal law says that all children's’ clothing is required to be flame- resistant or flame retardant. That means that fabric may still catch on fire, but will not burn as quickly as other fabrics.

lead

Fine motor skills By end of first year, babies can hold objects between thumb and index finger http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDXYku4Sj2Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgmTXrfO6tI 12 – 18 months holds spoon Feed themselves and drink for themselves

2 years Hit pegs with a hammer Hold crayons and pencils Cannot hold or write with a crayon or pencil like an adult By this age shows definite hand deference (left vs right)

Summary Grow more slowly in second year than in first Toddlers bones continue to harden Fat deposits under skin decrease Brain matures at a faster rate than other body organs Full set of baby teeth present shortly after 2 years

Toddlers refine gross-motor skills (walking, climbing, and throwing) New skills emerge (running, jumping off objects, catching) Fine-motor skills depend on child’s level of eye-hand coordination Show definite hand deference by 2nd year