Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug without Antibiotics for Acute Viral Infection Increases the Empyema Risk in Children: A Matched Case-Control Study

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Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug without Antibiotics for Acute Viral Infection Increases the Empyema Risk in Children: A Matched Case-Control Study Muriel Le Bourgeois, MD, Agnès Ferroni, MD, Marianne Leruez-Ville, MD, Emmanuelle Varon, MD, Caroline Thumerelle, MD, François Brémont, MD, PhD, Michael J. Fayon, MD, PhD, Christophe Delacourt, MD, PhD, Caroline Ligier, MPh, Laurence Watier, PhD, Didier Guillemot, MD, PhD Jacques de Blic, MD, PhD, Antoine Deschildre, MD, Gaëlle Lemanac'h, MD, Stéphanie Bui, MD, Christophe Marguet, MD, PhD, Marc Lubrano, MD, André Labbé, MD, PhD, Isabelle Petit, MD, Albert Faye, MD, PhD, Mathie Lorrot, MD, Fouad Mahdi, MD, CHIC, Jean-Christophe Dubus, MD, PhD, Emmanuelle Bosdure, MD, Isabelle Pin, MD, Cathy Llerena, MD, Jocelyne Derelle, MD, Cyril Schweitzer, MD, PhD, Ralph Epaud, MD, PhD, Nadia Nathan, MD, Philippe Reix, MD, PhD, Stéphanie Wanin, MD, Valérie David, MD, Ulrika de Pontbriand, MD, Jacques Brouard, MD, PhD, Aude Bessière, MD, Caroline Douay, MPh, Claire Dupont, MPh, Claire Petit, MPh, Jean-Romain Richard, MPh, Christine Toneatti, MPh, Marie-Anne Vibet, MPh Muriel Le Bourgeois, MD, Agnès Ferroni, MD, Marianne Leruez-Ville, MD, Emmanuelle Varon, MD, Caroline Thumerelle, MD, François Brémont, MD, PhD, Michael J. Fayon, MD, PhD, Christophe Delacourt, MD, PhD, Caroline Ligier, MPh, Laurence Watier, PhD, Didier Guillemot, MD, PhD Jacques de Blic, MD, PhD, Antoine Deschildre, MD, Gaëlle Lemanac'h, MD, Stéphanie Bui, MD, Christophe Marguet, MD, PhD, Marc Lubrano, MD, André Labbé, MD, PhD, Isabelle Petit, MD, Albert Faye, MD, PhD, Mathie Lorrot, MD, Fouad Mahdi, MD, CHIC, Jean-Christophe Dubus, MD, PhD, Emmanuelle Bosdure, MD, Isabelle Pin, MD, Cathy Llerena, MD, Jocelyne Derelle, MD, Cyril Schweitzer, MD, PhD, Ralph Epaud, MD, PhD, Nadia Nathan, MD, Philippe Reix, MD, PhD, Stéphanie Wanin, MD, Valérie David, MD, Ulrika de Pontbriand, MD, Jacques Brouard, MD, PhD, Aude Bessière, MD, Caroline Douay, MPh, Claire Dupont, MPh, Claire Petit, MPh, Jean-Romain Richard, MPh, Christine Toneatti, MPh, Marie-Anne Vibet, MPh The Journal of Pediatrics Volume 175, Pages 47-53.e3 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.025 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Study design for identifying cases and controls. Cases were identified the day of empyema diagnosis. The cases private practitioner was contacted to identify another child among his/her patients with acute viral infection to serve as a control. Dashed lines indicate the periods for which relevant information was collected. AVI, acute viral infection. The Journal of Pediatrics 2016 175, 47-53.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.025) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Flow chart of selection of cases and controls. AVI, acute viral infection. The Journal of Pediatrics 2016 175, 47-53.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.025) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Identification of bacteria isolated from empyemas. The Journal of Pediatrics 2016 175, 47-53.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.025) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Serotypes of identified pneumococci. The Journal of Pediatrics 2016 175, 47-53.e3DOI: (10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.025) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions