Dr Orian Brook & Dr Alasdair Rutherford University of Stirling Using Administrative Data to Understand Civil Society Organisations in Scotland Dr Orian Brook & Dr Alasdair Rutherford University of Stirling

Measuring Civil Society Charity registers commonly used Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) hold records on all registered Scottish charities (no income threshold) c24,000 records, high quality and complete data (relatively) But suffers Head Office bias: legal address not operational address Only one location per charity, no matter how many they have

Milo database Therefore quality of data is increasingly important Managed by Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations, used by Third Sector Interfaces/Volunteer Centres across Scotland Supporting CSOs in legal formation, training, advising trustees etc Key activity: matching volunteers and volunteering opportunities Feeds various national online resources: getinvolved.co.uk – search for third sector organisations Volunteerscotland.net – search for active volunteering opps. ALISS (A Local Information System for Scotland) – signposting to community support/resources Goodhq.org (to be fully launched): share experiences of charities online (“tripadvisor for charities”) Therefore quality of data is increasingly important

Milo Data 35,000 voluntary orgs/38,000 orgs (plus volunteers, opportunities but not used for this project) Pros (compared to OSCR) Records working sites not legally registered addresses Records multiple sites (eg charity shops) Records vol orgs which aren’t registered charities Cons (compared to OSCR) Recorded for working not research – messy, inconsistent Incomplete – orgs not recorded if not interacting with TSIs/VCs

Cleaning Milo Missing data c4,000 with no addresses approx half of records have no “main activities” specified Duplicates – few identified, but more to discover? Out of date addresses – external cleaning (few) Charity Reg No. Approx 10% of charity numbers didn’t match OSCR By checking correct formatting, able to match all but 1%

Linking Milo to OSCR Charity Reg (cleaned) Deterministic – cleaned org name, postcode etc Probabilistic - % likelihood Difficult to automate eg 103rd A, B, C and D City of Edinburgh Brownie Units all separate registered charities Still only matched 38% of Milo records, matching to 48% of OSCR Hoping further work might increase this but still likely to be about half of each database not overlapping with the other

Coding Milo & OSCR Using ICNPO (International Classification of Non-Profit Organisations) as widely-accepted for comparable studies Level 1 1 Culture and Recreation 2 Education and Research 3 Health 4 Social Services 5 Environment 6 Development and Housing 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 8 Philanthropic Intermediaries, Vol. Promotion 9 International 10 Religion 11 Business/Professional Associations, Unions 12 Not Elsewhere Classified

ICNPO detail Level 2 codes also officially developed. Eg under social services: 4100. Social services (general) 4200. Emergency and Relief 4300. Income Support and Maintenance Level 3 codes more bespoke to SCVO To provide more discrimination, eg under 4100 4110. Services for Children and families 4120. Pre-school daycare 4130. Services for young people 4131. Scouts, Guides etc 4140. Services for people with disabilities 4150. Services for elderly people Or to specify CSOs which could belong to other level 1 codes, eg 2410 Medical Research Funds others, conducts research, provides health care & social support

Process On OSCR & Milo multi-select categories are inconsistently selected, v hard to analyse, often missing in Milo Inspired by Mohan/Barnard/NCVO work Coded charity registers (English and Scottish) Searched for keywords in charity name and/or aims Now using Milo, coding primarily by searching for specific keywords which accurately categorise CSOs Using code not manually so can be rerun for refreshed or different data Also referring to previous coding, to org aims, to other SCVO data and using generic keywords Coded all but 7% of records

Results

Urban-Rural Classification Milo has higher proportion of CSOs outside Large Urban Areas – removal of head office bias? OSCR Percent Milo 1 Large Urban Area 7,759 34.4% 8,512 27.6% 2 Other Urban Area 5,198 23.1% 8,659 28.1% 3 Accessible Small Towns 1,642 7.3% 2,350 7.6% 4 Remote Small Towns 690 3.1% 1,055 3.4% 5 Very Remote Small Towns 532 2.4% 1,037 6 Accessible Rural 3,390 15.0% 4,597 14.9% 7 Remote Rural 1,292 5.7% 1,732 5.6% 8 Very Remote Rural 2,040 9.0% 2,875 9.3% 22,543 30,817 Missing 265 6,031 Milo records with address missing: as often recorded by TSIs/VCs within central belt as other records, so probably no major bias

Urban-Rural Classification Standardised by population shows greater impact of how Milo represents CSOs outside large cities

Indices of Multiple Deprivation Milo shows much higher proportion of CSOs based in more deprived areas, and fewer in least deprived areas Quintile OSCR Milo 1 Most Deprived 2,601 11.6% 5,349 17.5% 2 3,551 15.9% 6,493 21.2% 3 5,720 25.6% 7,661 25.0% 4 5,733 6,739 22.0% 5 Least Deprived 4,776 21.3% 4,403 14.4% Total 22,381 100% 30,645

Indices of Multiple Deprivation Analysis by population shows much more important presence of CSOs in deprived areas. Address of CSO not = area of operation, but more likely on Milo, and unlikely to be based in a deprived area but not working in one

ICNPO Top Level Codes Relative distribution between lists mostly similar, differences not restricted to particular sectors ICNPO Level 1 OSCR OSCR % Milo Milo % 1 Culture and Recreation 3,673 15.3% 8,400 21.5% 2 Education and Research 1,288 5.4% 1,929 4.9% 3 Health 921 3.8% 2,138 5.5% 4 Social Services 7,109 29.7% 9,896 25.4% 5 Environment 922 3.9% 1,578 4.0% 6 Development and Housing 2,576 10.8% 5,062 13.0% 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 592 2.5% 1,310 3.4% 8 Philanthropic Intermediaries, Vol. Promotion 1,205 5.0% 877 2.2% 9 International 1,111 4.6% 1,013 2.6% 10 Religion 3,750 15.7% 2,984 7.7% 11 Business/Professional Associations, Unions 222 0.9% 394 1.0% 12 Not Elsewhere Classified 561 2.3% 3,410 8.7% Total 23,930 100.0% 38,991

ICNPO Top Level Codes Milo has more CSOs in Culture & Recreation ICNPO Level 1 OSCR OSCR % Milo Milo % 1 Culture and Recreation 3,673 15.3% 8,400 21.5% 2 Education and Research 1,288 5.4% 1,929 4.9% 3 Health 921 3.8% 2,138 5.5% 4 Social Services 7,109 29.7% 9,896 25.4% 5 Environment 922 3.9% 1,578 4.0% 6 Development and Housing 2,576 10.8% 5,062 13.0% 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 592 2.5% 1,310 3.4% 8 Philanthropic Intermediaries, Vol. Promotion 1,205 5.0% 877 2.2% 9 International 1,111 4.6% 1,013 2.6% 10 Religion 3,750 15.7% 2,984 7.7% 11 Business/Professional Associations, Unions 222 0.9% 394 1.0% 12 Not Elsewhere Classified 561 2.3% 3,410 8.7% Total 23,930 100.0% 38,991 Milo has more CSOs in Culture & Recreation – consonant with intermediaries membership – good integration with TSI/VC orgs

ICNPO Top Level Codes ICNPO Level 1 OSCR OSCR % Milo Milo % 1 Culture and Recreation 3,673 15.3% 8,400 21.5% 2 Education and Research 1,288 5.4% 1,929 4.9% 3 Health 921 3.8% 2,138 5.5% 4 Social Services 7,109 29.7% 9,896 25.4% 5 Environment 922 3.9% 1,578 4.0% 6 Development and Housing 2,576 10.8% 5,062 13.0% 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 592 2.5% 1,310 3.4% 8 Philanthropic Intermediaries, Vol. Promotion 1,205 5.0% 877 2.2% 9 International 1,111 4.6% 1,013 2.6% 10 Religion 3,750 15.7% 2,984 7.7% 11 Business/Professional Associations, Unions 222 0.9% 394 1.0% 12 Not Elsewhere Classified 561 2.3% 3,410 8.7% Total 23,930 100.0% 38,991 Development & Housing closely aligned to civil society contribution to social policy – 44% of Milo records additional to OSCR

ICNPO Level 2 codes Social Services CSOs also closely aligned to social policy Milo also holds 40% more records, and most subcodes have even higher proportion, with exception of Scout troops Breakdown of Level 2 for Social Services OSCR OSCR % Milo Milo % 4100. Social services (general) 1255 5.2% 2080 5.3% 4110. Services for Children and families 727 3.0% 1478 3.8% 4120. Pre-school daycare 194 0.8% 362 0.9% 4130. Services for young people 613 2.6% 1539 3.9% 4131. Scouts, Guides etc 2906 12.1% 1800 4.6% 4140. Services for people with disabilities 357 1.5% 1013 4150. Services for elderly people 185 939 2.4% 4200. Emergency and Relief 133 0.6% 193 0.5% 4300. Income Support and Maintenance 714 492 1.3%

ICNPO Level 2 Codes Milo holds more CSOs tackling mental health and addictions support, important for Scotland’s pressing public health issues Breakdown of Level 2 for Social Services OSCR OSCR % Milo Milo % 3100. Hospitals and Rehabilitation 179 0.7% 332 0.9% 3200. Nursing Homes 108 0.5% 202 3300. Mental Health 163 459 1.2% 3400. Other Health Services 411 1.7% 913 2.3% 3410. Addictions support 57 0.2% 232 0.6%

ICNPO Top Level Codes OSCR better represents Scouts, Religious orgs & grantmaking trusts – less integrated to TSI/VCs, no help needed for volunteers etc ICNPO Level 1 OSCR OSCR % Milo Milo % 1 Culture and Recreation 3,673 15.3% 8,400 21.5% 2 Education and Research 1,288 5.4% 1,929 4.9% 3 Health 921 3.8% 2,138 5.5% 4 Social Services 7,109 29.7% 9,896 25.4% 5 Environment 922 3.9% 1,578 4.0% 6 Development and Housing 2,576 10.8% 5,062 13.0% 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 592 2.5% 1,310 3.4% 8 Philanthropic Intermediaries, Vol. Promotion 1,205 5.0% 877 2.2% 9 International 1,111 4.6% 1,013 2.6% 10 Religion 3,750 15.7% 2,984 7.7% 11 Business/Professional Associations, Unions 222 0.9% 394 1.0% 12 Not Elsewhere Classified 561 2.3% 3,410 8.7% Total 23,930 100.0% 38,991

Aberdeenshire & Moray

Urban-Rural Classification Milo has higher proportion of CSOs outside Large Urban Areas – removal of head office bias? ` Aberdeenshire Moray 1 Large Urban Area 2 Other Urban Area 390 20.1% 307 29.5% 3 Accessible Small Towns 199 10.2% 223 21.4% 4 Remote Small Towns 270 13.9% 43 4.1% 5 Very Remote S Towns 6 Accessible Rural 663 34.1% 323 31.0% 7 Remote Rural 367 18.9% 137 13.1% 8 Very Remote Rural 54 2.8% 9 0.9% 1,943 1,042

Indices of Multiple Deprivation Milo shows much higher proportion of CSOs based in more deprived areas, and fewer in least deprived areas Quintile Aberdeenshire Moray 1 Most Deprived 66 3.4% 21 2.0% 2 120 6.2% 108 10.4% 3 398 20.6% 364 35.0% 4 717 37.1% 411 39.5% 5 Least Deprived 634 32.8% 136 13.1% Total 1,935 100% 10,040

ICNPO Top Level Codes ICNPO Level 1 Abderdeenshire Moray 1 Culture and Recreation 495 26.0% 248 24.5% 2 Education and Research 66 3.5% 44 4.3% 3 Health 69 3.6% 39 3.8% 4 Social Services 630 33.1% 284 28.0% 5 Environment 74 3.9% 7.3% 6 Development and Housing 218 11.4% 150 14.8% 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 20 1.0% 14 1.4% 8 Philanthropic Intermediaries, Vol. Promotion 34 1.8% 37 9 International 38 2.0% 10 Religion 217 76 7.5% 11 Business/Professional Associations, Unions 7 0.7% 12 Not Elsewhere Classified 22 1.2% 21 2.1% Total 1906 100.0% 1014

ICNPO Level 2 codes Aberdeenshire Moray   Aberdeenshire Moray 4100. Social services (general) 61 3.20% 27 2.66% 4110. Services for Children and families 81 4.25% 43 4.24% 4120. Pre-school daycare 23 1.21% 16 1.58% 4130. Services for young people 46 2.41% 40 3.94% 4131. Scouts, Guides etc 325 17.05% 90 8.88% 4140. Services for people with disabilit 25 1.31% 19 1.87% 4150. Services for elderly people 28 1.47% 9 0.89% 4160. Services for women 1 0.05% 0.10% 4170. Carers Organisations 5 0.26% 3 0.30% 4200. Emergency and Relief 0.47% 2 0.20% 4300. Income Support and Maintenance 26 1.36% 34 3.35%

ICNPO Level 2 Codes Aberdeenshire Moray   Aberdeenshire Moray 3100. Hospitals and Rehabilitation 13 0.68% 19 1.87% 3200. Nursing Homes 8 0.42% 3 0.30% 3300. Mental Health 14 0.73% 6 0.59% 3400. Other Health Services 32 1.68% 0.79% 3410. Addictions support 2 0.10%

All CSOs, NE Scotland

Social Care CSOs, NE Scotland

Health CSOs, NE Scotland

Thank you! Orian.brook@stir.ac.uk