Lesson 2: Functional Groups ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Lesson 2: Functional Groups Hydrocarbon derivatives: Crash course link

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Other atoms bonded to hydrocarbon molecule Give organic compounds specific physical and chemical characteristic properties. Different placement of oxygen alcohol Ether

LOOK Reference table R  has all the answers!

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS HALIDES: A halogen (group 17 element) is added to, or substituted for H, on a hydrocarbon chain. F (fluoro-), Cl (chloro-), Br (bromo-), and I (iodo-). Number the carbon chain to identify its location 1,1 di-bromo 2 chloro ethane 2 1

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS An example: CFC’s (chloro fluoro carbons) Ozone hole Difluoro dichloro methane

Reference table R has all of the answers!

Name these compounds: 1,1 dichlorobutane 1,3 dibromobutane 4 3 2 4 3 2

ORGANIC REACTIONS SUBSTITUTION: H atoms replaced by other elements. In Saturated Hydrocarbons H atoms replaced by other elements. Occurs to members of the alkane family Clue: how many products are formed? Two.

ORGANIC REACTIONS ADDITION: In Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Breaking double or triple bonds to add elements Occurs to alkenes or alkynes Hydrogenation Halogenation Clue: how many products are formed?

= saturated hydrocarbon

= unsaturated hydrocarbon

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ALCOHOLS: CH3OH Contains one or more group. Not a hydroxide group (base) (different bonding) but a hydroxyl group. Compound names will end in “-ol ”. 1- propan ol A primary alcohol (a primary carbon: on the end of the C chain)

Ethanol

a.k.a. Isopropyl alcohol 2 propanol: A secondary alcohol (a secondary carbon: middle of the C chain) a.k.a. Isopropyl alcohol

Name these: 3 5 4 2 1 1- pentanol 2- butanol

Name this:

Another common alcohol: very toxic! ANTIFREEZE 1,2 ethandiol Aka Ethylene glycol Diols aren’t on the regents exam.

1,2,3 propan-triol Aka glycerol Used for CAKE ICING

Notice the use of condensed formulas

Alcohol’s end in ol

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ALDEHYDES: Ex: C2H5CHO Look for CHO Contains a at the end of a carbon chain. Compound names end in “-al ”. propan al

Methanal Aka formaldehyde Remember Trigonal Plane shape? Formaldehyde in building products

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS KETONES: Ex: CH3COCH3 Contains a group. always in the middle of a carbon chain. Compound names end in “-one”. Sometimes called a carbonyl group. 2 propan one aka acetone

Propanone aka acetone

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ORGANIC ACIDS: COOH Contains a group at the end of a carbon chain. Compound name ends in -”OIC” acid”. Propan oic acid

Ethanoic acid Aka acetic acid

To summarize: Propan-ol Propan-al Propan-one Propan-oic acid

Circle the Functional groups

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ETHERS: Contains a group in the middle of a carbon chain. Compound is named using prefixes of two side chains and then “ether” as the ending. methyl propyl ether

Diethyl ether

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ESTERS: Contains a group in the middle of a carbon chain. Produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol (and water is removed between them). Compound is named with prefix from the alcohol and then the acid name with an “-oate” ending. Used in flavorings and perfumes. methanol + ethanoic acid methyl ethanoate

Aka Ethyl acetate “fruity essence” methyl butanoate smells of pineapple ethyl methanoate smells of raspberry ethyl butanoate smells of pineapple pentyl ethanoate smells of banana pentyl pentanoate smells of apple pentyl butanoate smells of pear

Reaction between organic acid and alcohol. ORGANIC REACTIONS Making esters! ESTERIFICATION: Reaction between organic acid and alcohol. Water is removed between the acid and the alcohol (a type of condensation reaction). + + H2O Ethanoic acid methanol Methyl Ethanoate

How many carbons are missing?

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AMINES: …as in… ammonia NH3 Contains a usually at the end of a long the carbon chain. Compound name ends with “-amine”. Important functional group in amino acids. methan amine

* Amines Amphetamines Chlorphenamine (Chlor-Trimeton) antihistamine Epinephrine (adrenaline) * *The above advertisement is a parody. Do not try this at home. Its is not only dangerous, but also illegal.

CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AMIDES: Contains a group anywhere along the carbon chain. Compound name ends with “-amide”. Forms from a reaction between an organic acid and an amine (with water being removed). Occurs when two amino acids are joined. ethan amide

amide Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptides and.. proteins

“class” “Functional Group” General formula Example With “condensed”