The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Effects of Watershed Acidification on Soil Water and Stream Water Chemistry.
Advertisements

Quantifying Uncertainty in Belowground Carbon Turnover Ruth D. Yanai State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse.
Ecosystem Ecology. Serengeti at Sunrise Biogeochemistry.
Nutrient pump (temperate lake turnover). BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: A few general points (terrestrial systems): 1.Nutrient cycling is never perfect i.e. always.
Ecological Perspectives on Critical Loads - Linkages between Biogeochemical Cycles and Ecosystem Change Differences and Similarities in N and S Cycling.
Nitrogen and Ecosystem Nutrient Cycling Nicole and Sarah Biogeochemistry of Northern Ecosystems March 2005.
It was known during the 18th century that air contains at least two gases, one of which supports combustion and life, and the other of which does not.
Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fresno, CA Kings River Experimental Watersheds KREW.
Nutrient cycling & Ecosystem Health READINGS for this lecture series: KREBS chap 27. Ecosystem Metabolism III: Nutrient Cycles KREBS chap 28. Ecosystem.
Climate Change and Forest Mitigation and Adaptation in a Polluted Environment Swedish Monitoring and Research Activities Per Erik Karlsson IVL Swedish.
“Near term response of surface soil nitrogen cycling and pools to forest clearing and burning” Heather E. Erickson Recent soils research from the Teakettle.
Dynamics of the Northern Hardwood Ecosystem Yuqiong Hu, Jeff Plakke, Sharon Shattuck, Erin Wiley.
Site-specific nutrient mass balances and critical loads for forests in Canada Shaun Watmough*, Julian Aherne, Rock Ouimet, Paul Arp, Ian Demerchant Critical.
Contents I.History of Hubbard Brook II.Watershed Concept III.Discovery of Acid Rain IV.Long-term Monitoring V.Ecosystem Recovery.
Contents I.Ecosystem Recovery II.Calcium Experiment III.Introduction to Soils IV.Calcium Experiment Results.
Plant Ecology - Chapter 14 Ecosystem Processes. Ecosystem Ecology Focus on what regulates pools (quantities stored) and fluxes (flows) of materials and.
Climate change and the carbon cycle David Schimel National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado.
Modeling Soil Organic Matter Distribution in a Northern Hardwood Forest and Tropical Watershed. Kris Johnson* Fred Scatena* and Yude Pan** *University.
1 UIUC ATMOS 397G Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change Lecture 15: Biosphere and Nutrients Don Wuebbles Department of Atmospheric Sciences University.
Chapter 4 – The Lithosphere Phosphorus Minerals “Ultimate” limiting nutrient given its origin Apatite only primary mineral (4.7)Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH + 4H.
Focus on the Headwaters The Shenandoah Watershed Study / The Virginia Trout Stream Sensitivity Study Rick Webb Department of Environmental Sciences University.
Effects of Rising Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Carbon Sequestration and N losses in the Delaware River Basin Yude Pan, John Hom, Richard Birdsey, Kevin.
Site Description This research is being conducted as a part of the Detritus Input and Removal Treatments Project (DIRT), a cross-continental experiment.
1. The Study of Excess Nitrogen in the Neuse River Basin “A Landscape Level Analysis of Potential Excess Nitrogen in East-Central North Carolina, USA”
A Mass-Balance, Watershed-Scale Analysis of the Chemistry of Adirondack Lakes Discussion - Day 5.
Students: Turn in to period box Mark & Recapture Activity
Impact of declining atmospheric deposition on forest soil solution chemistry in Flanders, Belgium Arne Verstraeten 15 th Meeting of the ICP Forests Expert.
Relationships Among Stressors, Forests, and Aquatic Systems *As Number and Severity of Stressors Increase, The Impacts to Forests and Associated Aquatic.
Declining atmospheric deposition impacts forest soil solution chemistry in Flanders, Belgium Arne Verstraeten 15 th Meeting of the ICP Forests Expert Panel.
Inorganic Nutrient Research Hubbard Brook LTER HBR LTER Climate change Winter climate change Long-term hydrometeorological patterns Future GCM projections.
Chapter 7 The Nitrogen Cycle © 2013 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. From Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science, Weathers, Strayer, and Likens (eds).
Recovery of Sensitive Watersheds in the Northeastern United States from Chronic Acidification: The Role of Soil Chemistry Chris E. Johnson 1, Charles T.
Acid Rain Revisited Hubbard Brook Research Foundation Science Links Bridging the Gap between Science and Policy.
Chapter 7 – Ecosystem Ecology. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 7.1 Ecosystem Ecology and Biogeochemistry Biosphere –All organisms and nonliving environment.
Soil Chemistry and the Recovery of Sensitive Watersheds from Chronic Acidification Chris E. Johnson 1, Charles T. Driscoll 1, Richard A.F. Warby 2, Jeremy.
Monitoring and Modeling the Acidification and Recovery of Catskills Waters and Soils Chris E. Johnson & Charles T. Driscoll Dept. of Civil & Environmental.
Measuring spectral effects of Ca fertilization in red spruce foliage
You Can Never Have Too Much Data –
Lead Accumulation and Loss in the Hubbard Brook (USA) Ecosystem
Model of Gibbsite solubility
Establishing a Soil Chemical Baseline for the Catskills
Organic Matter Characterization in Forest Soils
Great Smoky Mountains national Park
Soil Change after Three Decades of Conventional Till, No-Till, and Forest Succession in the Piedmont of Georgia, USA S. Devine1, D. Markewitz1, P. Hendrix2,3,
Changes in soil chemistry following a watershed-scale application of wollastonite (CaSiO3) at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, USA. Chris E. Johnson, Charles.
SOIL FORMATION.
Table 1. Linkages between emissions of SO2 and NOx and important environmental issues From: Acidic Deposition in the Northeastern.
Long-term trends in uncertainty of element fluxes at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Mark Green, Donald Buso, John Campbell, Carrie Rose Levine,
Soil acidification affects carbon cycling more than nitrogen addition in European conifer and broadleaf forests Filip Oulehle, Karolina Tahovská, Tomáš.
Will Hubbard Brook Soils Be a Source
Results and discussion
Watershed Modeling with PnET-BGC
Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems
Soil Chemistry Response to Wollastonite (CaSiO3) Addition at Hubbard Brook Chris E. Johnson Syracuse University.
Acid-Base Properties of Aluminum in a Hardwood Forest Soil
Chemical Properties of Forest Soils in the Catskills Region
Solute and Nutrient Export and Redistribution
1. The Study of Excess Nitrogen in the Neuse River Basin
Is Horizon Sampling More Powerful
Mass and Nutrient Loss in Decaying Hardwood Boles at Hubbard Brook
Soil chemistry on Watershed 1:
Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems
Physical (Mechanical)
Chapter 13 The Global Cycles of Sulfur and Mercury
Summary and Future Work
The global carbon cycle for the 1990s, showing the main annual fluxes in GtC yr–1: pre-industrial ‘natural’ fluxes in black and ‘anthropogenic’ fluxes.
The global carbon cycle for the 1990s, showing the main annual fluxes in GtC yr–1: pre-industrial ‘natural’ fluxes in black and ‘anthropogenic’ fluxes.
Biological and Geographical Processes Move Nutrients Between Organic and Inorganic Parts of the Ecosystem Concept 54.4 By Nida Ahmed.
Chapter 9 Revisiting the Ecosystem Concept: Important Features That Promote Generality and Understanding © 2013 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. From.
Presentation transcript:

The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study 40 Years of Applied Biogeochemical Research Chris E. Johnson Syracuse University

http://www.lternet.edu

The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Established in 1955 by the USDA Forest Service for hydrologic research. Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study Initiated in 1963 using the small watershed approach to study hydrologic cycle-element interactions in small undisturbed and human-manipulated forest ecosystems.

Characteristics of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Bedrock Quartz Mica Schist and Quartzite Landscape Till-Mantled Glacial Valleys Soils Spodosols (Typic Haplorthods) pHw %BS Oa 3.9 50 Mineral Soil 4.3 12 Vegetation Northern Hardwood Forest; Cutting 1915-17; 80-90% Hardwoods, 10-20% Conifers Climate Humid Continental, Mean Precipitation 1400 mm

Characteristics of Monitored Watersheds Watershed Number Size (ha) Year Started Treatment 1 11.8 1956 Calcium silicate addition 1999 2 15.6 1957 Clear-felled in ‘65-66, no products removed, herbicide application ‘66,67, 68. 3 42.4 1958 None – Hydrologic reference. 4 36.1 1961 Clear-cut by strips in three phases – ‘70,72,74. Timber products removed. 5 21.9 1962 Whole-tree clear-cut in 1983-84. Timber products removed. 6 13.2 1963 None – Biogeochemical reference. 7 76.4 1965 None 8 59.4 1969 9 68.0 1994 101 12.1 1970 Clear-cut as block in 1970. Timber products removed.

Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study Study Objectives: To assess the structure and function of a northern hardwood forest ecosystem in various stages of development. To quantify hydrologic and element cycle interactions in undisturbed watershed and lake ecosystems. To evaluate the short-term and long-term responses of ecosystems to disturbance (i.e., clear-cutting, changes in land use, air pollutants, insect outbreaks, climate).

Changes in Lead (Pb) Cycling with Decreasing Atmospheric Inputs Background Major sources of Pb: Smelting, Battery Production, Paints, Gasoline (Petrol). Alkyl-Pb compounds used as anti-knock additives in gasoline beginning in 1923. With increasing automobile/truck traffic, gasoline became principal source of atmospheric Pb in USA. 1970: Clean Air Act; General Motors announces intent to comply by installing catalytic converters beginning in 1974. Other auto makers follow. US Pb consumption declines > 90% 1975 – 1985. Natural ecosystem experiment…

Pb concentration in bulk precipitation has declined to ~1% of 1975 values

Precipitation Pb concentration may be stabilizing

Streamwater Pb concentrations have been low throughout the study period

Remarkably… Pb input in precipitation has declined by more than 98% BUT Precipitation input continues to exceed stream output So, what is happening in the soil?

The Pb content of the O horizon has declined by 40% since 1976 (…or has it?) Johnson et al. (1995) - updated

Pb inputs are related to consumption Johnson et al. (1995)

Reconstructed Pb input chronology Johnson et al. (1995)

Modern (1926-1997) Lead Budget for the HBEF All values: kg/ha 1. Atmospheric Deposition – 1926-1997 8.76 2. Pb in Forest Floor - 1997 6.80 3. Estimated Pb in Forest Floor - 1926 1.35 4. Net Accumulation of Pb in Forest Floor (2) – (3) 5.45 5. Estimated Stream Flux – 1926-1997 (0.7 mg/L, 87 cm yr-1 runoff) 0.43 6. Flux to Mineral Soil (1) – (4) – (5) 2.88

Pb fractionation through selective extraction

Most of the Pb in Hubbard Brook soils is in the crystalline form Johnson and Petras (1998)

‘Labile’ Pb is largely bound with organic matter and amorphous oxides Johnson and Petras (1998)

Enrichment of Ti during weathering

The depletion of crystalline Pb can be used to estimate post-glacial weathering release Johnson et al. (in press)

Post-Glacial Pb Budget Weathering release 14.1 kg/ha 20th Century deposition 8.7 kg/ha Sum 22.8 kg/ha ‘Labile’ Pb in soil 22.1 kg/ha This ignores pre-industrial inputs and outputs. 1999-2001: Bulk Precipitation: 250-750 ng/L Streamwater: 100-300 ng/L

Changes in Soil Chemistry 15 Years after Whole-Tree Clear-felling

Nutrient Pools – Biomass vs. Soil (kg/ha)

Nutrient Release after Clear-felling Bormann & Likens: Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem (1979)

Hypotheses (Soil Biogeochemistry) Whole-tree clear-felling results in increased leaching losses of N, Ca, K, Mg. Leaching losses and uptake by regrowing vegetation result in significant decreases in exchangeable Ca (and other nutrient cations).

W5 Whole-Tree Harvest 1983-84

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH (1997) W6 (Reference) W5 W2

Measurements

Stream Chemistry W5 () W6 () Annual volume-weighted average concentrations Thanks: Gene Likens

No Change in Exchangeable Ca Pools (N = 60 0 No Change in Exchangeable Ca Pools (N = 60 0.5 m2 pits per sampling year) Johnson et al. (1991, 1996) updated

Redistribution of Ca within the Profile Johnson et al. (1991, 1996) updated

Ca Saturation of CEC

1984-99: 15-year Cumulative Fluxes

New Hypotheses & Questions Retention of exchangeable cations after harvesting was related to changes in soil organic matter structure/chemistry (13C-NMR studies, HA/FA/Humin fractionation, titration expts.) Why have elevated Ca losses in stream water persisted so long after harvesting? (It’s not pH!) (How) are stream fluxes related to soil Ca pools? Budgets vs. Geochemistry

“Swimming Rock” Mirror Lake Questions?

Simple, 1st- Order Box Model

Accumulation of Pb in forest floor soils

Use total Pb to estimate post-glacial gain/loss throughout the profile

Conclusions Concentrations of Pb in precipitation have declined by 99% since 1975. Streamwater Pb concentrations – low throughout the study period – remain lower than precipitation. Ecosystem is a sink for Pb. The pool of Pb in the forest floor has declined by ~40% since 1976. Labile Pb in the mineral soil is dominated by organically bound Pb and Pb bound to/in amorphous oxides (consistent with podzol soil processes). Post-glacial weathering release and 20th-century Pb deposition can account for all labile Pb in the soil. Pb fractionation studies may be a useful tool for monitoring the fate of anthropogenic Pb in forest soils.

Conclusions Exchangeable pools of Ca and other bases did not change significantly after harvesting. Large fluxes of Ca in stream water and into regrowing vegetation were balanced largely by release from decomposing residual biomass. We did observe redistribution of exchangeable bases within the profile. Calcium saturation of CEC increased in mineral soils after harvesting. This may be a more sensitive indicator of changing base status than the pool size.