Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant at Devanahalli Presented by Amresh Sinha CDD Society Bangalore Date: December 23rd & 24th 2016 Place: Lucknow Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)

We have sanitation challenges! Sanitation Capacity Building Platform What is it? Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group. We can help you! We have sanitation challenges! WASHi ULB

CDD : Introduction Est. 2002 90 Professionals 21 Partner Orgs. Technical Training Consulting Services Wastewater Treatment Faecal Sludge Mgmt Research and Knowledge 350+ DEWATS designed Labs, Classrooms, Models 500+ Engineers Trained Resource Center, MDWSS Presented @250+conferences

Shit Flow Diagram : Today Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 1.4% 0.1% Centralized System (11.9%) Decentralized systems (2%) Legally dumped (9.3%) Effectively Treated (1.4%) Not Effectively Treated (3.08%) 13.9% WC 36.18% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (31%) Safely Abandoned (0.09%) Leakage includes DEWATS (3.6%+ 0.2%) Illegally dumped (21.7%) Effectively Treated (5.2%) 5.2% 49.9% 5.2% 12.7% 21.7% 3.8% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 93.3% Not Effectively Treated (0.45%) 6.7% Not Effectively Treated (9.21%) Un-Safely Emptied (5.18%) 50% OD / Open Discharge Data Source Census 2011 4

SFD : Urban India, 2020 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ Disposal 5% 3% Centralized System (20%) Decentralized systems (6%) Legally dumped (26.0%) Effectively Treated (4.6%) Not Effectively Treated (3%) 26% WC 59% On-Site Facility Safely Emptied (48%) Safely Abandoned (2.88%) Leakage includes DEWATS (5%+0.6%) Illegally dumped (19.2%) Effectively Treated (12%) 12% 11% 15% 30% 19% 6% Domestic Environment Receiving Waters Agriculture field 80.5% Not Effectively Treated (0.81%) 19.5% Not Effectively Treated (26. %) Un-Safely Emptied (11%) 15% OD / Open Discharge

Scale of challenge Facing India In Urban India… 40 billion liters of human waste is produced every day 93% is untreated, causing severe water pollution and disease 4 Lakh Crores, the World Bank estimates as the cost of poor sanitation More than Black Money In the next 15 years, Urban India is expected to grow by 50% to 60 Crores people How do you deliver sustainable sanitation solutions to 60 Crores people?

The Sanitation Value Chain India By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers 50% OD Urban: ~10% OD (40% of slums) Terrible community toilets Actions: Swachh Bharat Mission CSR

The Sanitation Value Chain By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers 35% toilets have on-site storage: 70% by 2020 Standards not followed, poor construction, no lining Septage seeping into the ground Actions: Virtually None

The Sanitation Value Chain By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers Unorganized sector, mostly private Decent service levels to client Poor operating conditions (employees) Profitable businesses Actions: Better trucks now available

The Sanitation Value Chain By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers Almost none—some STPs allow sludge dumping but very little, ~0 (tech issues) Transporters dump in fields, drains, water bodies, open land Actions: FSTP in Devanahalli Strong demand

The Sanitation Value Chain By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers Small fraction is used directly in fields Farmers fear health hazard, smells, inconvenient No testing, No standards, No widespread safety measures Actions: None

The Sanitation Value Chain By 2020, 60% of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers

Project Objectives 1 To establish a independent fecal sludge treatment Plant as Pilot 2 To ensure good O&M of sanitation infrastructure which leads to reduction in risks to public health and environment 3 To treat the septage to prescribed reuse standards 4 To produce a hygienic and safe by-products for reuse

Background Devanahalli is a Town located in Bangalore Rural District The Devanahalli Town is located 39 km to the North-East of Bangalore Population- 35000 Area - 16 Sq.km Close proximity to Airport

About Devanahalli TMC 23 wards` 6500 households Households depend on septic tanks and pits for waste disposal No of Septic tanks /pits in TMC: 5,110 No UGD connection Faecal sludge is disposed at undesignated locations (farms, drains, …..) More than 5% of town residents use public toilets or resort to open defecation

Storage : Collection / Outlet 78% Single Pit 10% Septic Tank 3% Twin Pit 6% . Open drain

Septic tank/Pits without lining Septic tank/Pitwith lining The Data… Septic tank/Pits without lining Septic tank/Pitwith lining 770 HH (35%) 1,446 HH (65%) >5 Yrs 339 (16%) Never 917 (44%) <5 Yrs 821 (40%) Desludging Frequency

Implying… Un-lined Containment Infrequent Desludging Septic tank/Pits without lining Never 917 (44%) >5 Yrs 339 (16%) Septic tank/ Pit with lining <5 Yrs 821 (40%) Un-lined Containment Infrequent Desludging Most sewage seeping into the ground untreated Recommend : Retro-Fit Tanks + Planned Desludging

Location of Septic Tank Front of House (41%) Below Road (10%) Under Toilet (3%) Next to Toilet (7%) Behind House (39%)

Transportation TMC desludging vehicle (capacity 4,000L) 1 - 2 loads de-sludged daily—dumped in fields Private Players too No sewer system planned in near future--limited water City is growing—need to act

Transportation

Re-Use Private and ULB Truck dump sludge in fields Potentially unsafe— farmers don’t want to handle it Farms not easily accessible—Peri-urban farms shrinking Need a better supply chain for safer, widespread re-use

Challenge: improper dumping Our Solution: FSM Challenge: improper dumping Solution: low-tech fecal water treatment Storage Transport Treatment Reuse Collection at designated septic locations Contractors transport waste to FSTP Proprietary waste treatment for local reuse Enriched waste provided for agricultural use Status quo: improper dumping causes pollution, disease and environmental damage 1. Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant

Selection criteria To meet the required discharge standards for safe disposal Social acceptability and people’s preference Ease in operation (simplicity) and maintenance of the treatment unit Safe and hygienic operation for operators and mainatainace staff Affordable O&M cost for the TMC Minimization / No usage of electromechanical inputs for treatment as well as disposal Reasonable capital cost and construction area requirement To meet the reuse standards of its by-products

Treatment Process Anaerobic Digestion based Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant 1 FSTP at Centre for Advanced Sanitation Solution (CASS) Separation of solids Treatment principles and process adopted based on the experience of research unit Treatment Capacity – max 3m3 of faecal sludge / septage Feed frequency – daily 2 Sludge stabilization 3 Dewatering / Drying 4 Sludge percolate treatment 5 Disinfection 6 Safe disposal / Reuse

Design considerations Feed type – Faecal sludge/septage Feed frequency – Daily discharge Treatment capacity – max 8 cum/day Treatment approach – Gravity based biological treatment system Faecal sludge characteristics Sample Parameters Fresh Septage / Fecal Sludge mg/l Average value mg/l BOD, mg/l 10,000 - 30,000 20,000 COD, mg/l 20,000 - 60,000 40,000 Total Solids 30,000 - 80,000 50,000 pH 5.8- 7.8 7.2 Coliform 1 x 104 - 1 x 107 3 x 106

Treatment modules Screening Solid-Liquid Separation Sludge Stabilization Anaerobic Digestion Reactor Screen and Grit Chamber Equalisation/ Settling Tank Constructed Wetland Co-composting Deep Row Entrenchment Liquid Treatment Disinfection Dewatering DEWATS Co-composting Unplanted Drying Bed Cocopeat Lime Dosing Geotube Bags Planted Drying Bed Flow - Diagram

Screen chamber / Settling tank Treatment Modules Screen chamber / Settling tank

Anaerobic Stabilisation Reactor Treatment Modules Anaerobic Stabilisation Reactor Biogas Digester Stabilisation Tank

Treatment Modules Unplanted Drying Bed

Treatment Modules DEWATS / Composting

Operation Requirements Maintenance Requirements O&M Requirements Operation Requirements Maintenance Requirements Receive Faecal sludge Influent quality check Cleaning of Screens Operation of Valves Harvesting of Plants in PGF Removal of dried solids from SDB Cleaning of pipes Desludging Cleaning of filter materials in PGF Cleaning of filter materials in SDB Repair of pipes/valves

Maximum Treatment Capacity – 8 Cum/day Construction Details Maximum Treatment Capacity – 8 Cum/day Total area – 650 Sqmt Treatment unit – 350sqmt Others – 300sqmt Cost of Treatment Unit – INR 40 Lakhs Cost of other civil structure – INR 20 Lakhs Cost of O&M – Estimated INR 5-6 Lakhs Construction type Civil based FRP Prefabricated Construction period 6 months Plant commissioning November 2015

Construction Layout / Hydraulic Profile

Treatment modules

Performance Assessment Sample Parameters Expected Effluent quality of liquid fraction BOD, mg/l < 30 COD, mg/l < 250 pH 7.5- 8.5 NH4-N mg/l < 50 PO4- P mg/l < 5 Influent Effluent

Operations Detailed daily monitoring at every step Daily MIS circulated to all parties: Volume of Sludge Received (liters) 6,65,800 Volume of Water Treated (liters) 3,31,290 Volume of Solids Treated (liters) 3,34,510 Sludge Produced (kg) 17 T Visitors 1000+

Financials Treatment capacity Max 6 m3/day Can serve 2,800-4,000 households (cleaning every 2-3 yrs) Total Per Household CapEx Rs 60 Lakhs Rs 200 OpEx (annual) Rs 6 Lakhs Rs 20

Operating Model Private and ULB trucks can bring Sludge here : Free TMC agreed to pay O&M costs Grant covered CapEx; TMC provided land and services Land sold for Advertisement Space Integrated O & M Contract for Truck and Plant operations

Closing the loop- Environment Sustainability Closing of nutrient cycle by ensuring the reuse of by products Sludge as soil conditioner Biogas for heating Water for irrigation

Integrating Food Security Treated wastewater is nutrient-rich Reduces chemical fertilizer by 40-70% Ideal for urban farming—global trend Can connect to community toilets or local sewer system Immediate impact on nutrition and farming livelihoods

Social Impact of FSM Sanitation spend has one of the highest ROI For every Rs 1 spent on sanitation, Rs 4.6 of benefits are generated Economy Total Benefit Quality of Life 2.45x CAPEX multiplier* 4.6x aggregate multiplier* 13% of total benefit 1 Crores CAPEX/FSTP 1 Crores CAPEX/FSTP 1 crores CAPEX/FSTP http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75140/1/WHO_HSE_WSH_12.01_eng.pdf?ua=1 – page 4 http://mar.sagepub.com/content/9/4/379.full.pdf – page 1 5% and 13% of total benefits. - HEALTHCARE Rs 2.5 Crores in economic value for local community, per plant constructed 2.5 Crores in aggregate benefits for local community, per plant constructed Rs 60 Lakhs in health care savings for local community, per plant constructed 1. Return on Investment, 2. According to World Health Organization: 2012 sanitation report

Buy in Generated till now… UP/Bihar: SupportAMRUT/NIUA Raj. CM requested presentation; Doing 3-day training + exposure visit to ADB and State Govt. team Nepal: 1 FSTP commissioned, 1 in process B’desh: ADB 4 cities sanitation projects Sandvik Asia (CSR): exploring FSM for 1 town near Pune Orissa: Supporting for 9 AMRUT cities + 101 other towns AP: MoU signed with CM for comprehensive tech support Robertsonpet: $2.3Mn for FSM under AMRUT; Gulbarga: $150,000 sanctioned for 2 FSTPs; O&M oversight Rs 3Cr for technical advisory to Govt. of TN

Wastewater Infrastructure 7,000 towns with 400 Million people (600Mn by 2030) All cities need combination of approaches to solve challenge: Approach Notes Cap Ex per Capita 1. Centralized Sewerage Systems Difficult and disruptive Many failed / partial treatment Rs 20,000 [pop 200,000= Rs 400Cr] 2. De-centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Implement in phased manner Local re-cycling of water Regulations—bulk generators invest Rs 4,000 – 6,000 [Rs 100Cr] 3. Faecal Sludge Management Very simple, quick and low cost Need good logistics operations Technical skills not easily available Rs 750 [Rs 15Cr]

Thank You www.niua.org National Institute of Urban Affairs Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road New Delhi 110003 011- 24617517 agupta@niua.org, jdash@niua.org