1. Matter Definition -Matter is anything that has mass (sort of like weight) and volume (takes up space). Additional detail: Air, you, water, atoms, animals, plants, amoebas Additional detail: All matter is either a solid, liquid, or gas.

Matter Matter can be described by using physical and chemical properties. Properties are characteristics of matter that make it unique.

Property = Characteristic Review: All matter has what two properties in common? There are many other unique properties of matter that can help us identify what type of matter it is. Mass and Volume

2. Physical PropertY Def. – characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without changing a substance’s identity. A.D. Ex. -color, mass, length, volume, density, state of matter, smell, texture, etc.

Observable Physical Properties Observable Physical Properties: Properties for which you can use your senses to get information about an object. If you can describe matter based on how it looks, feels, smells or tastes, you are describing the physical properties.

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter. Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color. Iodine Sulfur

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Luster: Describes how a substance reflects light.

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Texture: The way a surface feels.

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Smell: The odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance. For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.

There are also Measurable PHYSICAL Properties of Matter Measurable Physical Properties: Properties (characteristics) that must be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.). Ruler Beaker Scale Triple Beam Balance Graduated Cylinder

Measurable Properties of Matter 4. Mass: (back to your notes) Def. the amount of matter that something is made of. A.D. Tool is a triple beam balance or a scale. A.D. Unit is grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

Which object has less mass?

DO NOT USE ANY OTHER MATERIALS OR GO ANY FURTHER *DO NOT USE ANY OTHER MATERIALS OR GO ANY FURTHER. ONLY DO WHAT YOU ARE BEING ASKED TO DO. TASK: 3 minutes - Find the mass of the binder clip and the pencil. write it on page 4. What tool did you use? Write it down. What unit of measurement? Write it down.

Measurable Physical Properties of Matter Weight: is the measure of how gravity is pulling on an object (mass). Gravity is less on the MOON!!! On earth, we just weigh you to calculate!

Mass = 50 kg EVERYWHERE Weight = 16.53 lbs. Weight = 100 lbs.

Measurable Properties of Matter 5. Volume: (there is another slide; write small on your vocab. sheet) Def. the amount of space an object takes up. A.D. –- Use the formula: LxWxH for a regular solid L(cm) x W(cm)x H(cm) = ______cm³ (centimeters cubed is the unit) *Don’t copy this (but DO remember it) -ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!

Measurable Properties of Matter 5. Volume: (cont.) A.D. For Liquids, use a graduated cylinder; unit is mL (milliliters) A.D. For irregular solids, use a grad. cylinder and water displacement; unit is cm³

Measuring the Volume of Liquids: How to calculate: Use a graduated cylinder to find the volume at the meniscus. Material: graduated cylinder, beaker, flask How to read a graduated cylinder Must be at eye level to read. Must read at bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve. Unit: mL or L for liquids or cm³ for solids

Measurable Properties of Matter Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids: Water displacement. Put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts. Initial volume (water only) – volume with irregular solid = volume of solid UNIT: water measured in mL, but since it is a solid object you’re Measuring, use cm3. 1 mL = 1 cm3

Measurable Properties of Matter Water Displacement

DO NOT USE ANY OTHER MATERIALS OR GO ANY FURTHER *DO NOT USE ANY OTHER MATERIALS OR GO ANY FURTHER. ONLY DO WHAT YOU ARE BEING ASKED TO DO. TASK: Find the VOLUME OF a textbook. Write your answer on page 4. What tool or formula did you use? Write it down. What unit of measurement did you use? Write it down.

Which object has GREATER VOLUME? Explain.

Measurable Properties of Matter 6. Density: (more on the next slide) Def: the amount of matter in a given space or volume. A.D. all matter has its own unique density

Measurable Properties of Matter A.D. Formula - Density = Mass/Volume m (g) D = ------- V (mL or cm³) A.D. Unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3. Why? A.D. Density of water is 1g/cm³ (anything with a density higher than 1g/cm³ will sink in water; anything with a lower density will float) m D V

Which has the greater density?

Calculate the density for the following objects: Mass= 10 Volume= 5 Practice Calculate the density for the following objects: Mass= 10 Volume= 5 b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8 c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10 d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12 Which object is water? Which object(s) will float in water? Which object(s) will sink in water? 2g/cm3 sinker 2g/cm3 sinker 0.5g/cm3 floater 1g/cm3 water

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Malleability: the ability of a substance to be pounded into thin sheets. Metals are malleable; nonmetals are not malleable

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire. Metals usually are ductile. Ex. Copper wiring in homes

MORE Observable Physical Properties Conductivity of heat or electricity: (more on the next slide) The ability for heat and/or electricity to pass through an object easily. A.D. Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity. (Don’t copy.) Little known fact: This is how vending machines recognize coins. Different coins are made of different metals which have different levels of conductivity.

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly. Nonmetals are usually good insulators.

MORE Observable Physical Properties Magnetism: a force of attraction between ions (charged particles) A.D. Iron is magnetic. Ex. Useful for refrigerator doors, alarm systems, and hand tools

Specific heat - How much energy it takes to increase the temperature 1 degrees. Calculate – special thermometer Units: joules per kilogram kelvin A high specific hear means it takes a LOT of energy/heat to change the temperature of the substance.

Examples of: Observable Physical Properties 11. Solubility: (More on the next 2 slides) The ability to dissolve in another substance. Ex: sugar dissolves in water; there are dissolved solids and gases in our bloodstream and tissues.

Why does solubility really matter in the real world? A.D. Medicines are soluble. They move through our bloodstream and into our cells.

Why does solubility really matter in the real world? A.D. Gases such as oxygen are soluble. Oxygen is dissolved in oceans, rivers, lakes, etc. Why is this important?

Observable Physical Properties 12.State of Matter: Def. Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. A.D. It is a physical property. A.D. Substances can change from one state to another. (But the substance doesn’t change into anything different. It is a physical change.) Ex. water in liquid form is water; water in solid form is ice; water in gas form is water vapor; any change from one phase to another is a physical change.

State of matter is a physical property!!!! STATES OF MATTER State of matter is a physical property!!!! MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES) SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/

PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property) Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER Movement: VIBRATE Shape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED VOLUME

In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO: THE OBJECT IS HARDER THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO BREAK THEM APART THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A LIQUID

The particles in a LIQUID: Pattern: none Movement: atoms roll or slide over each other and move faster than a solid. Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of container Volume: Fixed

Movement: PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET The particles in a GAS: Pattern: none Movement: PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container Volume: No fixed volume

The particles in PLASMA: Pattern: none Movement: Particles move very fast and are therefore very HOT Shape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR VOLUME Facts: Most common state of matter in the universe. Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth. Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)

What causes matter to move through changes? Temperature changes! Ex. Dry ice Deposition Ex. snow

Measurable Properties of Matter Temperature – A measure of how hot or cold a substance is. Calculate – Use a thermometer Unit – degrees Fahrenheit/ Celsius (in USA we use F)

Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a given pressure water (H2O) = 100o C (212o F) Calculate – Use a thermometer

Melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a given pressure water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F) Calculate – Use a thermometer

Freezing Point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a Solid at a given pressure water (H2O) = 0o C (32 o F) Calculate – Use a thermometer

Why are some objects less dense than other objects? As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered.

What causes molecules to spread? Adding energy (usually in the form of heat) so the movement of the molecules increases.

Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the substance they are floating in. Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?

The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water? The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Is this true for all solids? NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.

Answer: Decrease Water molecules in ice (water’s solid form) are further apart than they are in water (liquid form), giving ice a density less than 1.

DENSITY When does an objects density change? If heat is added or taken away!!!! HEAT – spreads out molecules and makes them LESS dense Take AWAY heat – molecules come together and makes them MORE dense. Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!

Physical Change Def. - a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance. A.D. Only changes the appearance of the substance/object; does NOT change the composition or identity of the substance;  Ex. melting a stick of butter or a popsicle; freezing water to make ice cubes; crushing a can most are easily reversible.

Chemical Property D –Characteristics or properties of substances that allow them to change into new substances with different properties. AD -ability of matter to take part in a chemical reaction (combine with other matter to make something new and different) AD- Can only be observed when a substance is going through a chemical change.

There are only 2 chemical properties of matter, and NOT ALL MATTER has these properties.

Reactivity ****Many substances react with oxygen to form new substances. This is called oxidation. Def. -Ability of one form of matter to combine chemically with another to form a new substance. Ex. Iron rusts, copper patinas, silver tarnishes, baking soda reacts with vinegar to form CO2 gas Iron + Oxygen = Rust Copper + Oxygen = Green Patina Silver + Oxygen= Tarnish

Another example of reactivity... A.D. - Glow stick How does a glow stick work? Inside a glow stick are two chemicals held in separate compartments (and a fluorescent dye). When you bend a glow stick until you hear it "crack", you have broken one of the compartments and the chemicals are mixing. The chemical reaction between the two chemicals results in the "glow". The dye gives it a specific color.

Flammability/Combustibility Def. Matter’s ability to burn. Ex. Wood has the chemical property of flammability/combustibility BUT ash and smoke can’t burn so they have the property of non-flammability. Ex. Aerosols (hair spray, spray paint) are extremely flammable.

Chemical Properties of Matter :Examples Ability to rust – undergoes an oxidation reaction between moisture and air Tarnish – To become dull or discolored Radioactivity – decay of elements into high energy particles Corrosion – Deterioration of metal by means of a chemical reaction

Reviewing Physical Change… A PHYSICAL change does not result in a new substance being formed. It only changes the appearance of a substance. Ex. Melting ice – Solid water Liquid water It’s still water!!!!! Ex. Shaping a gold bar into jewelry It’s still gold!!!!

18. Chemical change Def. - a CHANGE that happens when two or more substances combine (react with one another) and form a new, different substance AD – the composition/identity of the matter is changed AD – the new substances have new properties (iron is magnetic but rust…the new substance, is NOT magnetic) Ex: milk souring, apples browning, baking a cake, fireworks, copper turning green (oxidizing), nail rusting, wood burning

another example of how a Chemical change produces new substances with different properties… Sodium and chlorine are elements on the periodic table of elements. They are very reactive and combine easily with one another. Sodium is a silvery metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife. Chlorine is a greenish-yellow poisonous gas. When sodium and chlorine react with one another, they produce SALT. Salt is NOT silvery or soft, it is NOT greenish-yellow, it is NOT poisonous, and it is NOT a gas.

Let’s watch a video to help us better understand chemical changes! Video on chemical changes

Signs of a Chemical Change: distinct color change, odor produced, energy in the form of heat or light, bubbling or fizzing, the formation of a precipitate indicate a chemical change has occurred. Ex: Fireworks; When baking a cake, odor, browning and air pockets in the cake indicate a chemical change occurred. A gas is produced. This is why cake is spongy. Precipitate: the cloudy solid that results when two liquid substances are combined and react.

RECAP-physical vs. chemical changes Physical changes don’t change the composition/identity of the substance, only its appearance or form. Chemical changes always result in NEW substances with different properties. Composition: the type of matter making up a substance and how matter is arranged in the substance.