ESS 454 Hydrogeology Instructor: Michael Brown

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Presentation transcript:

ESS 454 Hydrogeology Instructor: Michael Brown Module 2 Properties of Materials Basic Physics Darcy’s Law Characteristics of Aquifers Elasticity and Storage Instructor: Michael Brown brown@ess.washington.edu

Energy Measured relative to a “datum” “additive” and “conserved” Difference rather than “absolute value” is important “additive” and “conserved” “extensive” (scales with size) Units of J/kg or J/m3 or J/N (N=kg*g) Potential, Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical

Energy Forms “scalar field” 9 7 8 Energy 7 7 6 7 Forms “scalar field” Surface of constant energy is an “equipotential” surface 5 4

Force Units: mass*length/time2 Energy increases in gradient direction Gradient (derivative in x, y, and z) of Energy Vector Units: mass*length/time2 Energy increases in gradient direction Force “points” in opposite direction Force in –x direction x E 1 2

Pressure Force per unit area (N/m2 = Pa) Gravitational force = r*g (force on a volume) g=9.8 m/s2 r is density (kg/m3) P = r*g *h h is height of column Note DP = r*g * Dh (for fluid of constant density)

~ 1 MPa per 100 m of water Example: column of water 100 m high Water density is approximately 1000 kg/m3 Gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 P = r*g *h = 1000 kg/m3 * 9.81 m/s2* 100 m = 0.981 * 106 Pa ~ 1 MPa per 100 m of water

Groundwater Energy scale Use extensive unit: energy per unit weight: J/N = kg m/s2 m/kg s2/m Energy can be expressed as a height Measure from some elevation. Doesn’t matter as long as we all agree to use the same datum “Head” measured as height in an open tube (piezometer) Note: change in Head is Dh = meters! h Dh

Hydraulic Head Head is a measure of energy Two forms of groundwater energy: Elevation head Height above datum Pressure head height of water which would create a certain pressure Energy is scalar and additive Just add various contributions

Energy (Head) Example Surface piezometer Energy Elevation head + Pressure head = Total head 101 m 0 m 101 m ? ? ? 100 m 51 m 50 m 101 m 70 m 1 m 100 m 101 m 1 m datum Commonly: MSL

The End – Basic Physics Continue – Darcy’s Law