THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Useful Websites: http://teachmeanatomy.info/ http://getbodysmart.com/index.htm

How many bones do you think make up the adult human skeleton? 96 164 206 250+ © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. Protects our major organs, stores minerals, produces blood cells (ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8x6tZI2hVI) Allows for movement

Where is the longest bone located? Thigh (femur) Upper Arm (humerus) 300 bones at birth. Over time, several bones fuse (such as in the skull and lower part of the vertebral column). Where is the longest bone located? Thigh (femur) Upper Arm (humerus) Pelvis Lower leg (tibia) The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones, accounting for about 14 percent of total body weight. Humans start life with more bones than that— about 300 bones at birth. Over time, several bones fuse as growth takes place (such as in the skull and lower part of the vertebral column).

What Is the Human Skeleton? Where is the smallest bone in our body located? Hand Foot Spine Ear © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. The tiny stirrup bone found inside the ear is the smallest bone in the human body

5 Main Functions of the Skeletal System © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. Skull protects brain Ribcage protects heart and lungs Platelets are found in blood, they are not complete cells, but fragments of cells that regulate blood clotting

5 Main Functions of the Skeletal System © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. Skull protects brain Ribcage protects heart and lungs Platelets are found in blood, they are not complete cells, but fragments of cells that regulate blood clotting Phosphorus – main function is formation of bones and teeth. Also needed for the body to make protein

Classification of Bones in the Human Body Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

The Five Basic Types of Bones © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

The Structure of the Skeleton The human skeletal system is generally divided into two main parts: The axial skeleton (orange) The appendicular skeleton (green). © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

The Axial Skeleton—80 Bones Core muscles help stabilize and support the axial skeleton, thus providing proper posture and alignment. © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

The Appendicular Skeleton—126 Bones Includes the movable limbs and their supporting structures (girdles), which play a key role in allowing us to move. Divided into six major regions: pectoral girdle; arms and forearms; hands; pelvis; thighs and legs; feet and ankles. © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks. Bone Landmarks All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks. Text p. 143 A landmarks are specific locations at which major muscles, ligaments, or other connective tissues attach to the bone Can be a ridge, bump, groove, depression, or prominence on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures. Eg. , quadriceps wrap around the patella (kneecap) and insert on the tibial tuberosity (a landmark at the top of the tibia). © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. All the bones in the human skeleton have features known as landmarks. A landmark is a ridge, bump, groove, depression, or prominence on the surface of the bone that serves as a guide to the locations of other body structures. For example, the quadriceps muscles of the front thigh ultimately wrap around the patella (kneecap) and insert on the tibial tuberosity (a landmark at the top of the tibia).

The Anatomy of a Long Bone © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Anatomy of a Long Bone Cartilage Allows smooth movement (articulation) within joints while protecting ends of bones Periosteum Periosteum fibres and those of ligaments and tendons unite to connect bone to bone or muscle to bone © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

inside the shaft of the bone and filled with red & yellow marrow Anatomy of a Long Bone Medullary Cavity inside the shaft of the bone and filled with red & yellow marrow Red marrow – Yellow marrow – Cancellous bone (spongey bone) Filled with marrow in small cavity-like spaces Compact & cancellous bone strengthen with exercise © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30 Yellow marrow Produces fat, cartilage, and bone (http://www.conversantbio.com/blog/red-bone-marrow-vs.-yellow-bone-marrow-what-is-the-difference)

Consists of bony fibres running throughout the cancellous tissue Anatomy of a Long Bone Trabeculae Consists of bony fibres running throughout the cancellous tissue Density varies with type of bone and amount of stress it bears © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

Anatomy of a Long Bone Compact Bone Epiphysis At the ends of long bones Outer surface made up of compact bone Is the part that articulates with another bone covered with cartilage Epiphyseal Plates (growth plates) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

Exterior layer of bones which is dense, smooth Anatomy of a Long Bone Cortex Exterior layer of bones which is dense, smooth Thickness varies depending on type of bone Interior core consists of network of fibres (trabeculae) that mess with blood vessels and bone marrow © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

Bone Injuries and Bone Disease Fractures—bone “breaks,” normally divided into three types: simple, compound, and comminuted. Simple Fracture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LA4COr7xKs 30

Bone Injuries and Bone Disease Compound Fracture © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

Bone Injuries and Bone Disease Comminuted Fracture © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

Bone Injuries and Bone Disease Shin splints—a painful condition occurring on the medial or lateral side of the tibia (shin bone)—are another common sports injury. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2gfulLutIA Stress fractures— © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30 Shin splits lead to stress fractures if not taken care of properly

What cells make and break bone? OSTEOPOROSIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYGkT6OrBk0 What cells make and break bone? What are other things that contribute to healthy bones and bone growth? What is osteoporosis? What can be done to prevent it?

Bones of the Human Skull (Anterior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Bones of the Human Skull (Lateral View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

The Vertebral Column (Lateral View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

The Thoracic Cage (Anterior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Left Scapula (Anterior & Lateral Views) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Left Scapula (Posterior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 40

Pelvis (Male, Anterior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Right Femur (Anterior & Posterior Views) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Right Fibula (Anterior & Superior Views) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Right Foot (Superior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Left Humerus (Anterior & Posterior Views) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Left Ulna and Radius (Anterior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

Left Hand (Anterior View) © 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.