Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus Ghrelin –neurotransmitter and hormone Glucose and digestive regulation Glucostatic theory Hormonal regulation Insulin and leptin

Figure 10.3 The hypothalamus

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits Exposure When, as well as what Food-related cues Appearance, odor, effort required Stress Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

Dog Mice Wine Fried Frog Legs Criadillas- bull testicles.

Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint Mortality rates among people who are moderately overweight are not elevated in today’s population

Figure 10.5 The heritability of weight

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation Estrogens Androgens Testosterone Pheromones Synchronized menstrual cycles

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Attraction to a partner The Coolidge effect Aphrodisiacs Evolutionary factors

Figure 10.8 Parental investment theory and mating preferences

Figure 10.9 The gender gap in how much people think about sex

Figure 10.10 The gender gap in desire for a variety of sexual partners.

Figure 10.11 Gender and potential mates’ financial prospects

Figure 10.12 Gender and potential mates’ physical attractiveness

The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality Environmental Biological Interactionist

Figure 10.14 Homosexuality and heterosexuality as endpoints on a continuum

Figure 10.15 New evidence that sexual orientation exists on a continuum.

Figure 10.16 How common is homosexuality?

Figure 10.17 Genetics and sexual orientation

The Human Sexual Response Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to excel Work harder and more persistently Delay gratification Pursue competitive careers Situational influences on achievement motives Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

YErkes Dodson Law

The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component Subjective conscious experience Positive psychology Physiological component Bodily (autonomic) arousal Behavioral component Characteristic overt expressions

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then felt elated? This theory says feeling one way will lead you to feel the opposite. How is this similar to the opponent process theory of color vision?

Figure 10.22 The amygdala and fear

Culture and the Elements of Emotion Cross-cultural similarities found in cognitive and physiological elements of emotional experience Also many cultural disparities in how people perceive, think about, and express their emotions socially engaging emotions socially disengaging emotions

Figure 10.23 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions

Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon-Bard Feel afraid because pulse is racing Cannon-Bard Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system

Theories of Emotion Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory Evolutionary Theories Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

Figure 10.24 Theories of emotion

Figure 10.25 Primary emotions

Happiness Common sense notions incorrect Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated

Subjective Well-Being Objective realities not as important as subjective feelings When it comes to happiness everything is relative People are surprisingly bad at predicting what will make them happy People often adapt to their circumstances Hedonic adaptation

Figure 10.28 The subjective well-being of nations

Figure 10.30 Possible causal relations among the correlates of happiness