Government Engineering College Rajkot Electrical Machine Kumbhani Akshay (130200117048) Kavathiya Vishal (130200117046) Faldu Sachin (130200117024) Gevariya Sagar (130200117032)

Transformers A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing an a.c. voltage.

Structure of Transformer

Circuit Symbol for Transformer

How Transformer works Laminated soft iron core Output voltage (a.c.) Input voltage (a.c.) Primary coil Secondary coil

Laminated iron core – this links the two coils magnetically. All transformers have three parts: Primary coil – the incoming voltage Vp (voltage across primary coil) is connected across this coil. Secondary coil – this provides the output voltage Vs (voltage across the secondary coil) to the external circuit. Laminated iron core – this links the two coils magnetically. Notice that there is no electrical connection between the two coils, which are constructed using insulated wire.

Two Types of Transformer A step-up transformer increases the voltage - there are more turns on the secondary than on the primary. A step-down transformer decreases the voltage - there are fewer turns on the secondary than on the primary. To step up the voltage by a factor of 10, there must be 10 times as many turns on the secondary coil as on the primary. The turns ratio tells us the factor by which the voltage will be changed.

Formula for Transformer Where Vp = primary voltage Vs = secondary voltage Np= Number of turns in primary coil Ns = Number of turns in a secondary coil.

Worked example No. 1 The diagram shows a transformer Worked example No. 1 The diagram shows a transformer. Calculate the voltage across the secondary coil of this transformer. Step-up transformer!

Solution

Obviously, a Step-down transformer!! Worked example No. 2 A transformer which has 1380 turns in its primary coil is to be used to convert the mains voltage of 230 V to operate a 6 V bulb. How many turns should the secondary coil of this transformer have? VP = 230 V NP = 1380 VS = 6 V NS = ? Obviously, a Step-down transformer!!

Solution

Transformer Equivalent circuit (1) INL E1 E2 Transformer

Transformer Equivalent circuit (2) INL Transformer

Transformer Equivalent circuit (3) INL Transformer

Transformer Equivalent circuit (4) INL Transformer

Open circuit Test It is used to determine Lm1 (Xm1)and Rc1 Usually performed on the low voltage side The test is performed at rated voltage and frequency under no load Transformer

Short circuit Test It is used to determine Llp (Xeq) and Rp(Req) Usually performed on the high voltage side This test is performed at reduced voltage and rated frequency with the output of the low voltage winding short circuited such that rated current flows on the high voltage side. Transformer

Transformer Construction

Transformer Construction(2) Left: Windings shown only on one leg Right: Note the thin laminations Transformer

3- Transformer Construction (3)

3- Transformer Construction(4) Left: A 1300 MVA, 24.5/345 kV, 60Hz transformer with forced oil and air (fan) cooling. Right: A 60 MVA, 225/26.4 kV, 60 Hz showing the conservator. Transformer

Thank You…