What the WGCF and breeders within countries are required to do to ensure ready access to semen and embryos from all other countries John Hepburn Presentation will: Look at trade OIE – sets the rules Export process – principles and examples

International movement of genetics important Genetic improvement Genetic diversity Normal AI Newer aspects: Gene discovery, Genomics Developing countries – tropics – heat tolerance – red colour?

From NZ currently: Export Certificates: Certificates to 38 countries (including EU treated as 1 country) for bull semen 2015 – 1,251,776 straws exported from NZ 14 certs for cattle embryos (incl. EU) 2015 – 437 embryos exported from NZ Export Certificates: Government to government agreements Country specific – not “export standard” Are often similar but they are unique Subject to change and revocation Have to be respected Established as matter of priority – lobby. Some$

International Trade Increasing – particularly to developing regions

International movement of genetics Some countries use more international genetics than others e.g. NZ 98% of semen used is from domestic derived bulls Australia 41%

World Organisation for Animal Health Disease Status of Countries – 180 member countries incl. NZ Rigorous scrutiny e.g. NZ Brucellosis Credible surveillance – prove it is NOT present e.g. BSE Risk of Disease Transmission by semen or embryos - proving it cannot IETS Approved methods / standards of preventing transmission incl. tests

International Standards In the current trend of globalisation, animal health measures have increasing importance to facilitate safe international trade of animal products while avoiding unnecessary impediments to trade. The The SPS Agreement encourages the members of WTO to base their sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations, where they exist. The OIE publishes Terrestrial Animal Health Code and manual as the principle reference for WTO members with the aim to assure the sanitary safety of international trade in terrestrial animals, and their products. Principle here where countries cannot require testing or freedom for diseases they already have but are not embarked on some form of official control program to limit / eradicate it. Some countries impose additional requirements: Pedigree data e.g. China, Brazil, India Production data e.g. India Assurance of freedom of genetic defects

Example Certificate agreed between NZ and Chile Signed by NZ Official Veterinaraian ZOOSANITARY CERTIFICATE    Species: BOVINE SEMEN To: CHILE Exporting Country: NEW ZEALAND Competent Authority: MINISTRY FOR PRIMARY INDUSTRIES Country freedom   New Zealand is officially free from bluetongue, brucellosis (B. abortus), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot‑and‑mouth disease, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever, rinderpest, and vesicular stomatitis. Vaccination against these diseases is prohibited in New Zealand.

Example – continued Premises of origin   3.1 The cattle admitted into the semen collection centre originate from premises that were: 3.1.1 officially free from bovine tuberculosis 3.1.2 free from enzootic bovine leukosis 3.2 The cattle admitted into the semen collection centre have completed pre-entry quarantine, during which they are tested with negative results for the routine diagnostic tests performed on the centre. Semen collection centre   2.1 The semen collection centre at which the semen was collected: 2.1.1 is approved by the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries as having facilities suitable for collecting, processing and storing semen in accordance with Bovine Semen Appendix 3.2.1 of the OIE Code 2.1.2 is under the direct supervision and sanitary control of a centre veterinarian who is approved by the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries and is responsible for the hygiene of the centre and the health of the animals 2.1.3 is regularly inspected by an official veterinarian of the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries

Collecting Bulls – the biosecurity process Farm status – declarations of disease freedom e.g. EBL, TB, Johnes, IBR, Lepto, BVD. Pre-entry disease testing e.g. TB, Johnes, BVD, IBR On centre quarantine – 30days with repeat testing at end On centre collection with 6 monthly testing Post- collection testing and stand-down Export with an Import Permit if required and issued by importing country

Export Approved Centres Approved by authorities (usually country Ministry e.g. MPI) In some countries (China, Thailand, Chile, Colombia) there is a requirement for country inspectors to approve the facility Audit process – at least annual (some cases twice yearly e.g. EU) ** Strict process by MPI / AQ Centre Veterinarian supervising the process and signing export certificates

Embryos Embryos are safe from a biosecurity perspective – zona pellucida More flexibility around collection – sometimes on farm Washing process as an added precaution against disease Centre or the team is approved Some cases there is value in sourcing very best females and ending up with full genetics not just half

What the WGCF and breeders within countries are required to do to ensure ready access to semen and embryos from all other countries. Certificates must be in place between governments Country disease status is critical Farm of origin disease status is something partly within you control Approved Centres / Teams must carry process out according to conditions Import Permit