A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Gary Kleiman Regional Haze Meeting July 24, 2001 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources I. Introduction II. Regional Haze and Visibility Impairment in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States A review of first regional haze report A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Light absorption by fine particles Light scattering by fine particles Clear line of sight in absence of fine particles A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

(Roosevelt Campobello) 140 Mm-1 / 30 Mm-1 Great Gulf (Presidential Range) 96 Mm-1/ 27 Mm-1 Moosehorn (Roosevelt Campobello) 110 Mm-1 / 28 Mm-1 Acadia 144 Mm-1 / 26 Mm-1 Lye Brook 242 Mm-1 / 70 Mm-1 Washington D.C. 189 Mm-1 / 52 Mm-1 Brigantine Sulfate EC OC Nitrate Rayleigh Crustal Visibility Conditions on 20% Worst/Best Days (1997) A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Visibility Conditions on 20% Worst/Best Days (1997) Sulfate EC OC Nitrate Rayleigh Crustal 232 Mm-1 / 51 Mm-1 Dolly Sods/Otter Creek 235 Mm-1 / 64 Mm-1 James River Face 193 Mm-1 / 45 Mm-1 Shenandoah Visibility Conditions on 20% Worst/Best Days (1997) A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources I. Introduction II. Regional Haze and Visibility Impairment in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States A review of first regional haze report III. Best Available Retrofit Technology A review of BART regulations including CAA, RH rule, and U.S. EPA BART guidance A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources BART Regulations Identify “visibility impairing pollutants” Set a low threshold for “subject to BART” Once “subject to BART”, all visibility impairing pollutants and all BART eligible units must be included in review Most stringent technologically feasible controls that do not present unreasonable costs, unacceptable energy issues or other non-air quality environmental concerns are considered BART for that source Presumptive level of control for utility boilers set at 90-95% “Visibility impairing pollutants” include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM10), volatile organic compounds, and ammonia. A BART-eligible source is “reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute” to regional haze if the source emits pollutants within a geographic region from which those pollutants can be transported downwind to a Class I area. Once a source is deemed “subject to BART”, a review must be conducted for each visibility-impairing pollutant emitted at that source and for each unit which contributes to the BART-eligible emissions. BART review must consider all available control technologies, including both NSPS options which may be available for the source as well as those considered more stringent than NSPS. Those controls that are considered technically feasible must be ranked and an impacts assessment conducted for each. The most stringent controls for a facility that are technologically feasible, that do not present unreasonable costs, unacceptable energy issues or other non-air quality environmental concerns are considered BART for that source. For utility boiler SO2 control, EPA has set a presumptive level of 90 to 95 percent control efficiency as cost-effective and generally achievable. A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources (Cont’d) IV. Sources of Precursor Pollutants Geographic identification of source regions using modeling studies and statistical techniques A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

RADM Tagged Species Model A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Statistical Correlation A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Trajectory Analysis for Acadia National Park 20% Worst Visibility 1997-1999 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Trajectory Analysis for Acadia National Park 20% Best Visibility 1997-1999 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Trajectory Analysis for Brigantine Wilderness Area 20% Worst Visibility 1997-1999 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Trajectory Analysis for Brigantine Wilderness Area 20% Best Visibility 1997-1999 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Trajectory Analysis for Lye Brook Wilderness Area 20% Worst Visibility 1997-1999 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Trajectory Analysis for Lye Brook Wilderness Area 20% Best Visibility 1997-1999 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Source Apportionment A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Regions of Influence A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

“Summer Coal” Region of Influence A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Source Region of Influence A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Source Region of Influence (Trajectory Start height = 200 meters) A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

Source Region of Influence (Trajectory Start height = 1000 meters) A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources (Cont’d) IV. Sources of Precursor Pollutants Geographic identification of source regions using modeling studies and statistical techniques V. Emission Sources and Control Strategies Analysis of emission sources located within the identified geographic regions that contribute to haze in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. Analysis of potential reductions of visibility impairing pollutants from those sources through BART regulation A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources SO2 Emissions Density A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources SO2 Emissions by State 26 Bart Sectors Boilers* Bart Eligible Boilers** SO2 Emissions (Millions tons/year) 2.0 1.0 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

SO2 Emissions from Title IV affected EG Boilers 1999 SO2 tons 25,000 500,000 1,000,000 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Sources: EIA-767, 1999 Emissions Scorecard

SO2 Emissions Reductions from Potentially BART Eligible Sources PA OH IL IN KY WV GA NC AL MI MO MD SC MS MA VA WI NY MN IA TN NH NJ CT DE ME DC AR RI VT A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

BART Program SO2 Reductions 1999 Emissions in Source Region 5,630,789 tons # 1 SO2 Emissions (100,000 Tons/yr) 2 * US EPA Clean Air Markets Program 1999 Emissions Scorecard 387 boiler units at 164 sources A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

BART Program SO2 Reductions Emissions in Source Region after BART 621,076 tons * US EPA Clean Air Markets Program 1999 Emissions Scorecard 312 boiler units at 164 sources A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources NOX Emissions Density Tons/sqmile A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Data provided by US EPA Net Inventory (1996) and Environment Canada (1995).

NOX Point Source Emissions by State 26 Bart Sectors Boilers* Bart Eligible Boilers** NOx Emissions (Millions tons/year) 1.0 2.0 NOX Point Source Emissions by State A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

NOX Emissions from Boilers 1999 NOx tons 50 - 10,000 80,000 180,000 400,000 A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources Sources: EIA-767, 1999 Emissions Scorecard

NOX Emissions Reductions from Potentially BART Eligible Sources OH KY IL WV IN MO PA NC GA TN MI AL MS MN MD SC WI NY IA MA VA NJ CT NH AR DE ME DC RI VT Tons/year A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

BART Program NOX Reductions 1999 Emissions in Source Region 2,193,836 tons # 1 NOx Emissions (100,000 Tons/yr) 2 * US EPA Clean Air Markets Program 1999 Emissions Scorecard 387 boiler units at 164 sources A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

BART Program NOX Reductions Emissions in Source Region after BART 161,568 tons * US EPA Clean Air Markets Program 1999 Emissions Scorecard 387 boiler units at 164 sources A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources

A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources (Cont’d) VI. The Relationship of BART to Other Control Programs Discussion of the BART Control Strategies in the context of other regulatory programs: Acid Rain Program NOX SIP Call PM2.5 NAAQS VII. Conclusion A Basis for Control of BART Eligible Sources