Discovering Psychology Special Update For DSM-5 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury Discovering Psychology Sixth Edition Special Update For DSM-5 Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13.1 Diagnostic Classifications in DSM-5 Each of the more than 260 psychological disorders described in DSM-5 has specific criteria that must be met for a person to be diagnosed with that disorder. Although the DSM has been criticized over the years, it serves several important roles in mental healthcare. For example, anyone who seeks treatment for mental illness and who wishes to have the treatment covered by insurance must receive a DSM diagnosis. Moreover, standardized diagnoses allow clinicians, such as a psychologist and a psychiatrist, to communicate with each other about a patient. Additionally, diagnoses provide a structure that allows researchers to design studies that can be replicated by other people. Shown here is a list of the major diagnostic classifications in DSM-5. Every diagnosis falls in one of these categories. Figure 13.1 Diagnostic Classifications in DSM-5 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

The chart on the left shows the median age of onset for common categories of mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). While the onset of anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive-compulsive disorders or impulse control disorders tends to occur in the preteen years, the onset of depressive and bipolar disorders typically occurs around age 30, well into young adulthood. The chart on the right shows the lifetime prevalence for the same mental disorder categories. The NCS-R reconfirmed that the lifetime prevalence of experiencing a mental disorder is almost one out of two. Figure 13.2 Age of Onset and the Lifetime Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.1 Some Key Diagnostic Categories in DSM-5 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.2 Some Unusual Phobias Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.3 The Most Common Obsessions and Compulsions Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.4 Disorders Involving Intense Anxiety Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13.3 The Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder The experience of major depressive disorder can permeate every aspect of life. This figure shows some of the most common emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical symptoms of that disorder. Figure 13.3 The Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.5 The Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Smoking Rates Compared to the Number of Lifetime Mental Disorder Diagnoses Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.6 Eating Disorders Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.7 Personality Disorders Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.8 Dissociative Disorders Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Schizophrenia-related hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality Schizophrenia-related hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality. Auditory hallucinations, usually in the form of voices, are the most common type of hallucinations that occur in schizophrenia, followed by visual hallucinations. Figure 13.4 Incidence of Different Types of Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13.5 Presence of Symptoms in Schizophrenia This graph shows the incidence of positive and negative symptoms in over 100 people at the time they were hospitalized for schizophrenia. Delusions were the most common positive symptom, and avolition, or apathy, was the most common negative symptom. Figure 13.5 Presence of Symptoms in Schizophrenia Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13.6 The Risk of Developing Schizophrenia Among Blood Relatives The risk percentages shown here reflect the collective results of about 40 studies investigating the likelihood of developing schizophrenia among blood relatives. As you can see, the greatest risk occurs if you have an identical twin who has schizophrenia (48 percent lifetime risk) or if both of your biological parents have schizophrenia (46 percent lifetime risk). However, environmental factors, as well as genetic ones, are involved in the development of schizophrenia. Figure 13.6 The Risk of Developing Schizophrenia Among Blood Relatives Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13.7 The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia In the Finnish Adoptive Family Study, psychiatrist Pekka Tienari and his colleagues (1994, 2006) tracked the mental health of two groups of adopted individuals: one group with biological mothers who had schizophrenia and a control group whose biological mothers did not have schizophrenia. This graph shows the strong influence of the adoptive family environment on the development of serious mental disorders. Figure 13.7 The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Discovering Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers