Reproductive Strategies + Male Reproductive System

Reproductive Strategies In order for fertilization and development to occur, the gametes and developing organism require a high moisture environment There are two main reproductive strategies determined by this necessity: External Fertilization Internal Fertilization

Not only is fertilization case by case, but so is development. Examples: Vertebrate Fertilization Development Fish External External Amphibians External External Reptiles Internal External Birds Internal External  Mammals Internal Internal

External Fertilization occurs outside the female’s body. many eggs are necessary. because of the low rate of fertilization success. The eggs and sperm are both released into the environment, where fertilization occurs The eggs are exposed to the environment and also predators. occurs mainly in aquatic animals like fish and amphibians.

Internal Fertilization occurs inside the female’s body. many fewer eggs are needed.  much higher rate of fertilization success. requires a special delivery organ to deposit the sperm (penis) used mainly by land animals (terrestrial) like reptiles, birds, and mammals in environments where moisture is low

Human Reproductive Systems

The Reproductive System The main function of the reproductive system is to produce sex cells (sperm and egg). Gonads – primary sex organs Testes in males Ovaries in females Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones Sperm – male gametes Ova (eggs) – female gametes

Male Reproductive System Testes Duct system Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra Accessory organs Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland External genitalia Penis Scrotum

Male Reproductive System

Testes Production of sperm cells in males divided it into lobules Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules Tightly coiled structures Function as sperm-forming factories- site of spermatogenesis Empty sperm into the rete testis Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis Tubes that store the sperm Epididymis stores and matures sperm for up to 20 days Interstitial cells in the testes produce androgens such as testosterone

Major Components Vas Deferens- Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. Vasectomy – cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm. Urethra- extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis Carries both urine and sperm Sperm enters from the Vas Deferens

Male Reproductive System

Semen Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions Advantages of accessory gland secretions Fructose provides energy for sperm cells Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication Elements of semen enhance sperm motility

Seminal Vesicles Seminal Vesicles- glands located at the base of the bladder Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) Fructose (sugar) Vitamin C Prostaglandins Other substances that nourish and activate sperm

Male Reproductive System

Prostate Gland Encircles the upper part of the urethra Secretes a milky fluid Helps to activate sperm Enters the urethra through several small ducts

Bulbourethral Glands Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate Produces a thick, clear mucus Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse Secreted into the penile urethra

Male Reproductive System

External Genitalia Scrotum Penis Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability Penis Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

Anatomy of a Mature Sperm Cell The only human flagellated cell DNA is found in the head The acrosome region helps to dissolve the outer layer of the egg, so the sperm can enter. Figure 16.5b

Hormones in Males Testosterone: The most important hormone of the testes Produced in interstitial cells Functions of testosterone Stimulates reproductive organ development Underlies sex drive Causes secondary sex characteristics Deepening of voice Increased hair growth Enlargement of skeletal muscles Thickening of bones Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone: Stimulate the production of testosterone and sperm cells