Volume 180, Issue 5, Pages 2247-2253 (November 2008) Effects of Long-Term Dietary Soy Treatment on Female Urethral Morphology and Function in Ovariectomized Nonhuman Primates  Christian Gratzke, Yagna P.R. Jarajapu, George J. Christ, Jay R. Kaplan, J. Koudy Williams, Karl-Erik Andersson, Gopal Badlani  The Journal of Urology  Volume 180, Issue 5, Pages 2247-2253 (November 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021 Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Circular segments were cut from middle part of bladder and urethra of female cynomolgus monkey, and divided into 3 parts of equal length. Strips were dissected from each segment and used for organ bath experiments. For histology und histomorphometry 10 μM transverse sections were cut from each urethral segment. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Representative samples show effect of soy treatment on urothelial thickness in 10 μM tissue sections from 4 monkeys per group. Thickness was determined by randomly sampling 3 urothelial regions at 400× magnification using AxioVision 4.6. H&E. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Effect of soy treatment on 10 μM mucosal tissue sections from 4 monkeys per group. Mucosal area was determined at 25× magnification using SigmaScan Pro 5. Trichrome staining. Scale bars represent 1 mm. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Emax and functional urethral properties in 2 strips from S1 to S3 and BS from each of 5 monkeys per group. A, EFS in BS and S1 to S3. B, carbachol in BS and S1 to S3. C, phenylephrine in S1 to S3. D, endothelin-1 in S1 to S3. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Significance was considered at p ≤0.05. Single asterisk indicates p ≤0.05. Double asterisks indicate p ≤0.01. Triple asterisks indicate p ≤0.001. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 EFS and functional urethral properties in 2 strips from BS, S1 and S2 from each of 5 monkeys per group at increasing frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 Hz. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Significance was considered at p ≤0.05. Single asterisk indicates p ≤0.05. Double asterisks indicate p ≤0.01. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Effect of soy treatment on pharmacological response to carbachol in 2 segment strips from each of 5 monkeys per group. A, concentration-response curves to carbachol in BS and S1. B, representative original tracing of carbachol concentration-response curve in BS and S1 to S3. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Effect of soy treatment on urothelial thickness in S1 to S3 from 4 monkeys per group. Double asterisks indicate p ≤0.01. Triple asterisks indicate p ≤0.001. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Effect of soy treatment on mucosal area in S1 to S3 from 4 monkeys per group. Double asterisks indicate p ≤0.01. Triple asterisks indicate p ≤0.001. The Journal of Urology 2008 180, 2247-2253DOI: (10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.021) Copyright © 2008 American Urological Association Terms and Conditions