Apartheid in Education By: Angel Arroyo, Desarai Chairez, Gjermayne Wilson

Segregation the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsZcEHFhWOA&t=104s

The effects of segregation, in schools, for White Children MS state government spent $31.33 per year on students Taught in well built classrooms Had all the resources needed and necessary Teachers well educated Had high schools To be further educated to vote

Cont. for Black Students MS State Gov. spent $5.94 per year on each student Taught in log cabins, churches, or stores because their school buildings were so run down Few resources Books worn down, missing important information, teachers not very educated as well No high schools for blacks

Brown v Board of Education In 1954, The Supreme Court made a decision that overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus unconstitutional. The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2XHob_nVbw

How did it happen? Thurgood Marshall fought for the Civil rights of seven year old Linda Brown and other cases against segregation. He argued against the doctrine "separate but equal" and fought for equality among all as there were psychological and social damages done to these children. Marshall traveled to little rock school in Kansas (Topeka) and with the help of the NAACP. The 14th amendment was central to the plaintiff's arguments as the idea of being equally protected under the was being violated with segregation. The result was that The supreme court unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

Brown v Board of Education part 2 (1955) After its decision in Brown (1) which declared racial discrimination in public education unconstitutional, the Court convened to issue the directives which would help to implement its newly announced Constitutional principle. Given the embedded nature of racial discrimination in public schools and the diverse circumstances under which it had been practiced, the Court requested further argument on the issue of relief. The Court held that the problems identified in Brown I required varied local solutions. Chief Justice Warren conferred much responsibility on local school authorities and the courts which originally heard school segregation cases. They were to implement the principles which the Supreme Court embraced in its first Brown decision. Warren urged localities to act on the new principles promptly and to move toward full compliance with them "with all deliberate speed."

Significance of Brown v Board of Education The significance of this case is that schools in the south now had to be desegregated and mixed classes could theoretically reduced racial tensions as people mix and each other on an equal footing. It showed the Supreme Court could now be used as a tool of striking down racial laws. The scale of the judgement 9-0 sent a clear message that racism was unacceptable in American society.

Little Rock Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas (1957) White public school, during segregation Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus

Little Rock Nine Melba Pattillo Beals. Minnijean Brown. Elizabeth Eckford. Ernest Green. Gloria Ray Karlmark. Carlotta Walls LaNier. Thelma Mothershed. Terrence Roberts.

Protests Federal District Judge Ronald Davies ordered integrated classes to begin on September 4 Governor Orval Faubus, ordered National Guard, defies Federal Judge Davies ↓ https://youtu.be/xERXusiEszs

State vs. Federal Government 14th Amendment - No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Supremacy Clause Article 6 - This Constitution, and the laws of the United States... shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Brown v. Board of Education - Desegregation of public schools

Analysis President Eisenhower took too long to respond Did not want to lose the white vote, since blacks couldn’t vote Forced to go into action - Defend the Constitution Federal Law overrides State Law September 4 - September 25, 1957 60 years later….