The management of urban settlements SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS The management of urban settlements

Key questions – SHANTY TOWN CASE STUDY What challenges do shanty towns present? What solutions have been used and how effective are these?

Urban Poverty http://geography.org.uk/resources/videocasts/urbanpoverty/ http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/Africa-in-100-years/

Urban Poverty - summary Poorer people are moving to urban areas in their masses Urban poverty is different to rural poverty. Urban poverty takes place in a financial environment that is full of institutions that influence poverty Urbanisation is a process that is aggravating poverty Urban poverty has tended to previously have been considered a temporary situation – once people get a job they are able to improve their lives However in a cash based economy this is not straightforward as people have to purchase everything that they need. The previous concept of poverty line therefore does not work in the cash based economy as coats can vary wildly in different urban areas The basic needs approach is also problematical – basic needs may be met but the quality and cost may be issues (Eg: water access)

Starter: What can you infer from this photo? What challenges exist in Kibera? Reading a photo

What can you infer from these clips? What CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES does Kibera present? KIBERA – Introduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwPQHlhaI5g KIBERA: Russel Brand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msMRZZIw6g0

Classify the challenges/opportunities  Economic issues  Social problems  Environmental issues

SOLVING THE PROBLEMS The solutions are coming from a variety of stakeholders: The Kenyan Government UNHabitat (United Nations) NGO’s Members of the Kiberan Community

What solutions have been attempted? Kibera in Need - NGO KWAHO project - NGO Peepoople - NGO Tabitha Medical Clinic – SELF HELP Kibera Integrated Community Self-Help Programme – SELF HELP Kenyan Authorities slum clearance – KISIP & KENSUP Map Kibera

Kibera In Need (KIN) Watch the clips and make notes of the different types of solutions KIN are involved with. What problems do they solve? Are they social, economic or environmental? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQeKEGrDoQ4 http://www.kiberakids.org/

The problem: poor water supply Until recently, has never been supplied legally to the community. To obtain water individuals from the slums often take a pipe of some form and link it to the countries water supply. This is illegal. The water that flows through the makeshift pipe is then sold to those in the area. The water is very unsafe. The hoses and pipes used to do this are often damaged and lay over the filthy open sewers and waste in the streets. The faulty pipes allow the filth to creep into the water and actually contribute to the water-caused illnesses.

The solution: Improving water In Kibera Kenya Water for Health Organisation (KWAHO) is a national non- governmental organisation based in Kenya whose efforts are geared towards providing sustainable water and sanitation for the disadvantaged communities in Kenya. The project was originally assisted by UNICEF. The project aims “To provide clean, safe water within reasonable distance and to improve the community’s living standards by providing proper sanitation with a view to reducing waterborne diseases.” TASK: Read the resource – evaluate the success of the scheme

THE PROBLEM: FLYING TOILETS THE SOLUTION: community toilets THE SOLUTION: Peepoople https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F KwZBL2WEfA What is it? How does it work? What problem does it solve? Evaluation – pro’s and con’s http://www.peepoople.com/kenya/kibera-slum- project/#navigation https://vimeo.com/36145902

An example of self help (community strength) 700,000 residents in Kibera suffer from many infectious diseases and many of the population have HIV/AIDS. However there is a severe shortage of health services. The Tabitha Medical Centre provides healthcare to 20,000 Kibera residents. The Tabitha Clinic sprouted from the dreams of Tabitha Festo. A resident of Kibera and a widowed mother of three, Tabitha was given$26 to start a vegetable selling business. The money she earned would go to found a clinic in her own home.

After 6 months, with over $130 in savings, Tabitha started a medical clinic, which had been her lifelong dream. Under Tabitha’s guidance and management, services and staff expanded to include a laboratory and a home-based care program for people living with HIV/AIDS. Specialising in maternal health, the clinic became one of the few to offer in-patient and out-patient care services to residents twenty-four hours, seven days a week. After Tabitha’s untimely death in 2004, the clinic was named after her. http://cfk.unc.edu/whatwedo/tabitha-medical-clinic/ 15

KICOSHEP, the Kibera Integrated Community Self-Help Programme TASK: Read the resource and watch this clip: What problems have Kicoshep been solving? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd-EBeUBWAg Evaluate what you can of their success

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES - KENSUP & kisip TASK: Read the three resources! Note down the basics of each policy including: The aims The stakeholders Evaluate the success

MAP KIBERA Kibera was a blank spot on the map until November 2009, when young Kiberans created the first free and open digital map of their own community. Map Kibera has now grown into a complete interactive community information project. http://mapkibera.org

Past papers Page 1 Question 6c Suggest reasons why solving the problems of shanty towns can be difficult (5)

Past papers ESSAY QUESTIONs Page 4 12. With the help of a case study of one or more shanty towns in an LEDC: (a) Outline reasons why people live in chosen shanty towns in an LEDC (7) (b) Describe one or more attempts to improve living conditions in your chosen shanty town (8) (c) Evaluate the success of the attempt(s) you described in (b) (10)

Past papers ESSAY QUESTION Page 2 12. (C) Assess the success of ONE attempt to improve a named shanty town (10)