Culture and Reform Movements Americans develop their own style of Art and Literature & The efforts made to make America Great for all Americans

Romanticism Movement that emphasized Imagination and Emotion in Art & Literature.

Hudson River School Artists A group of American Artist that were known for painting American Landscapes. A common theme among their works is “nature.”

John James Audubon John James Audubon was an American ornithologist, artist and naturalist known for his studies, drawings and paintings of North American birds.

Transcendentalism Is a philosophy where people believed that the spiritual world was more important than the physical. It taught people to find their “true self” Emphasized the importance of nature.

Education Reform

Temperance – Pre Prohibition Era

Women’s Rights Movement - Suffrage Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Fought for Women Suffrage – the right to vote. Held the 1st Women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. They wrote the Declaration of Sentiments “We hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are created equally…”

Treatment of the Mentally Ill & Prison Reform She led the effort to improve the treatment and care of mentally Ill Americans. Mentally Ill people were often locked away in prisons along with other criminals. They were often neglected and did not receive the care or treatment for their illnesses. Her efforts led to separate institutions (hospitals) for the Mentally Ill. Special schools for the blind and deaf were also established as an effect of here efforts. Her efforts also led other to call for prison reforms. The emphasis of prisons became that of rehabilitation rather than punishment.

The Abolition Movement

The Beginnings of the US Abolition The Society of Friends was established by Quakers and were the first European colonist to proclaim that slavery was anti-Christian. They alone called for its abolition.

Slavery and the US government The Articles of Confederation successful banned the spread of slavery into the Northwest Territories. The Constitution supported slavery, remember the 3/5th Compromise. It also banned the importation of new slaves from Africa in 1808.

The Great Awakening Religious movement in the 1830s Preachers preached about personal redemption and salvation at revivals as seen in the image on the right. The effects of this spiritual revivals was to encourage Americans to not only reform themselves but society Was the cause of the Social Reforms of the 1800s

Slavery and Western Expansion The Northwest Territory was the first region of the United States where slavery was not allowed to expand. As per the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Remember this law was passed when we were governed by the Articles of Confederation.

Slavery and Western Expansion MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 The Missouri Compromise banned Slavery in the newly acquired lands of the Louisiana Purchase, north of Missouri’s southern border.

Western Expansion and Slavery Wilmot Proviso – an agreement made in Congress to ban slavery in any lands gained a war with Mexico. Rather than ban slavery in the Mexican Cession, Congress agreed to the Compromise of 1850 which used the idea of popular sovereignty to allow the people living in New Mexico and Utah to decided for themselves through a vote. This angered Free Soil Party supporters who wished to stop slavery from expanding into Western territories.

Kansas-Nebraska Act leads to Violence BLEEDING KANSAS The notion of popular sovereignty would be used to determine the expansion of slavery into the newly organized territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The effects of this Act led many northerners and southerners to move to Kansas to affect the vote. The differences between these people led to violence known as Bleeding Kansas.

The Abolitionist Published the Liberator, an anti-slavery Newspaper. William Lloyd Garrison “I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - and I will be heard!” Published the Liberator, an anti-slavery Newspaper. “I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice” “Enslave the liberty of but one human being and the liberties of the world are put in peril”

-Abraham Lincoln to Harriet B. Stowe “So you’re the little lady the started this great war.” -Abraham Lincoln to Harriet B. Stowe The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was that it led to greater support for the Abolition movement.

African American Abolitionist Frederick Douglass Sojourner Truth David Walker Harriet Tubman A former slave who educated himself, He became the leading voice of Abolition. His very existence changed people’s perception of African Americans He was born free, He published a pamphlet called, Appeal to the Colored people of the World, but in particular, and very expressly, to those of the United States of America A former slave She was a conductor of the Underground Railroad She is also known as the “Moses” of her people She risked her life time and time again to help other enslaved people runaway to freedom along the Underground Railroad A former slave as well, She spoke in favor of Abolition, She is best know for her poem, Ain’t I a Woman

Radical Abolitionist – John Brown John Brown was a radical abolitionist, he believed in using force to free African Americans from slavery. While living in Kansas, at the time of the passing of the Kansas Nebraska Act, he got into a struggle with pro slavery settlers and killed six of them in retaliation for a previous event. #bleedingkansas He is most famously known for raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in Virginia. His plan was to arm slaves and have them fight for their independence.

Abolition – The U.S Efforts to End Slavery The Society of Friends was established by Quakers and were the first European colonist to proclaim that slavery was anti-Christian. They alone called for its abolition. The Articles of Confederation banned the spread of slavery in the Northwest Territory in 1787. The Abolition Movement gained momentum in the 1830s as result of the Second Great Awakening. This revivalist movement equated the owning of slaves as sinful. Northern Abolitions began to take an active role in ending slavery. The Underground Railroad was used to help slaves escape to freedom. Congress makes a series of Compromises dealing with the Western expansion of slavery. These efforts were made to ease tension between the North and South. After the American Revolution, more Americans began to equate American Independence from Great Britain with the slaves rights to freedom. Even the Constitution supported the practice of slavery, it banned the Slave Trade in 1808. The movement gained momentum with the addition of members such as Fredrick Douglass and Sojourner Truth. Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave herself, risked her life, time and time again, to help other slavers escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad. Congress also enacts the Fugitive Slave Act. Making assisting slaves to runaway a federal crime.

Abolition – The U.S Efforts to End Slavery 1865 13th Amendment Abolitionist increase there efforts. Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1855. It becomes a huge success and further strengthens the Abolition Movement. The central issue of the presidential election of 1860 was slavery. Southerners feared if Abraham Lincoln became president it would mean the end of Slavery. The passing of the 13th Amendment was the official end of Slavery in America. John Brown, a radical abolitionist, took it upon himself to free slaves via the use of force. He was executed for his role in leading a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The Civil War began in 1861 when the Confederate army attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina.