Later Middle Ages 1300-1500 C.E. Europe in 1000 AD was the most geographically remote and underdeveloped of all the major world civilizations…yet had a number of important advantages: 1. United by geography and climate 2. Wide variety of products and resources 3. Unified by the Roman Catholic church (still not clear in 1000 who was in control of “Christendom”: pope or king, means a common culture and economy

I. Webs of Stone and Blood Seljuk Turks were from the same region of central Asia that the Huns were from – nomadic, but settle and adapt Islam Many motivated by adventure, want for wealth (primogeniture rules left younger sons out) Religious component: call for holy war sounds familiar to us today… Some were badly organized forces. Led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless in cities in France and Germ.

II. Politics as a family affair A. Struggle for Central Europe 1. Eastern Expansion 2. Central European Kingdoms Crusader states lasted about 100 years… Saladin, a Kurd, captured Jerusalem in 1187 3 kings: Frederick Barbarossa (HRE); drowned crossing a river in Asia Minor/ Philip Augustus argued with Richard and returned home. 1291: last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land falls

France during the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

B. A Hundred Years War 1. Chivalry & warfare: series of wars between England and France (1337-1453); 2. English mostly successful in early stages, due in part to use of the longbow (Bubonic Plague in 1347-1351 one of many interruptions to the war) 3. Joan of Arc: 17-yr. old girl goes to the Dauphin (prince) of France and tells him heavenly voices told her to save France. He supports her and she leads a major victory at Orleans. Later turned over to the English and tried for witchcraft; burned at the stake (later she was sainted and considered a national hero) War began in 1337 when Edward III of England tried to claim French throne b/c his mother was the sister of three French kings. War not continuous; several cease-fires and truces, then begins again; Plague effects: Europe pop. In 1347: 75 million 1352: 50 million English victories at Crecy, Poitiers(king of France held for ransom, a common and accepted practice), Agincourt (1415) Joan (1412?-1431) refered to herself as Joan the Maid. led the French into victory at Orleans in 1429. Claimed to carry the sword used by Charles Martel when he defeated the Muslims. After hearing voices (saints) and appealing to Charles, the dauphin or prince (later crowned the VII after Joan’s victory)…then tried to capture Paris but was herself captured by French Burgundians (loyal to England), and turned over to English and tried as a heretic. Burned at the stake in Rouen May 30, 1431. Charles VII, who owed his throne to Joan, didn’t try to help her. Pope claimed Joan not a heretic in 1456. Canonized by the Catholic Church in 1920…feast day of St. Joan celebrated every May 30th.

19th century portrait of Joan

1. French became more united Effects of the War 1. French became more united 2. Hastened decline of feudalism – castles & knights were outdated 3. Kings paid national armies War finally ended officially in 1453; English lost all their territory in France except for the port of Calais (which they would lose in 1558); England emerging as a naval power

English Wars of the Roses (1453-1485) Two noble families fought for the throne of England: York – white rose on crest and Lancaster – red rose on crest Henry Tudor –a Lancaster noble est. Tudor dynasty in 1485 (Henry VII) English monarchy became strengthened w/ few challengers Richard III was the uncle of two young sons of Edward IV, York king who died in 1483. Richard had his two new nephews thrown into the Tower of London, and then murdered. This energized the Lancastrians, winning the major victory of Bosworth Field (1485).

III. Life and Death in the Later Middle Ages

A. Dancing With Death

B. The Plague of Insurrection 1. The Jacquerie 2. English Peasants’ Revolt 3. Urban Uprisings

C. Living and Dying in Medieval Towns 1. Economic Shifts 2. Addressing Poverty & Crime

IV. The Spirit of the Later Middle Ages A. The Crisis of the Papacy 1. The Avignon Papacy 2. The Great Schism 3. Conciliarism

B. Discerning the Spirit of God 1. Witchcraft 2. Lay Piety https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3jt5ibfRzw

C. Heresy and Revolt 1. John Wycliffe 2. Jan Hus

D. Religious Persecution in Spain

E. William of Ockham & the Spirit of Truth

F. Vernacular Literature & the Individual 1. Italy 2. England 3. France

Conclusion