Warm-up: What is foreign policy? a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives US Foreign Policy goals-- "to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community."

21st-Century United States Foreign Policy

Factors that shaped Foreign Policy Economics Multi-national corporations Economic power elite Military industrial complex Ideology Vision of national greatness—America’s mission Racial hierarchy Extremely anti-revolutionary Unilateralism—acting alone and independent Domestic politics Most Americans are ill-informed Nation of immigrants Can’t appear weak Rise of Imperial President Bypass checks & balances Violates foundation of American government Resource wars oil

Policy up to 2000 Isolationism was practice throughout 19th and 20th century except during: War with Spain 1898 World War I World War II After WWII, the Cold War began and US foreign policy was containment: containing communism and not letting it spread At the end of the Cold War (1991), US foreign policy was all about nation building—until Sept. 11, 2001

1992 Somalia-US troops to stop civil war but failed to stop it U.S. Military Intervention in the 1990s 1992 Somalia-US troops to stop civil war but failed to stop it Many Americans favored economic support for foreign countries. Just as many feared lending military support to embattled nations. 1994 Haiti-US troops to stop civil turmoil But Clinton felt several conflicts demanded U.S intervention. 1995 Bosnia-US troops to stop ethnic cleansing of Muslims & Croats 5

Conflict in the Middle East increased in the 1990s. Fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians became more violent In 2000, Clinton brought Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli leader Ehud Barak to Camp David to broker a peace agreement between them. It was not successful.

The U.S. itself became a target of Middle Eastern extremists. A terrorist group called al Qaeda exploded a bomb in the World Trade Center in New York City in 1993. The group also set off bombs killing more 225 people at American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. In 2000, they attacked the USS Cole, a warship anchored off Yemen, killing 17 American sailors. In 2001, al Qaeda terrorist attack on US soil, killing Almost 3000 people and wounding over 6000 more. American leaders learned that fighting terrorism would be extremely difficult. 7

America’s Foreign Policy 2001 2001—George Bush Administration September 11, 2001 Preventative war “Changing” international order More intimidation than of credibility In the United States “national interests” Democracy Economics/Trade Big business profit---outsourcing 2010-advancing American interests Security of American people Growing U.S. economy Support for our values An international order that can address 21st-Century challenges

Activity: Foreign policy reading handout

America’s Foreign Policy In the United States “national interests” Democracy Economics/Trade Big business profit---outsourcing 2010-advancing American interests Security of American people Growing U.S. economy Support for our values An international order that can address 21st-Century challenges

America & The World Turn of 21st-Century view was interventionist UN-United Nations International organization but steered by US WTO-World Trade Organization Free-trade agreements IMF-International Monetary Fund Controls international credit and exchange rates World Bank Makes money available for development projects in many countries…it’s in America’s interest to support because many US exports go to countries that pay for goods with World Bank funds

America & Global Trade Republicans usually support big business & free trade Democrats usually support labor and oppose loss of American jobs Clinton (centrist) supported free trade blocs, which would increase the economic prosperity of particular regions Clinton signed 270 free trade agreements 1992---NAFTA---Canada, US, Mexico gradual removal of trade restrictions…final 2008 GATT—WTO Nations exposed in free trade have become more democratic & engaging in free trade can strengthen economic ties

US Opposition to Globalization Labor unions Export of jobs Other groups Humanitarian—working conditions New class of “slave laborers” Environmentalists Exporting industrial pollution & toxic waste

Other Nation’s Opposition Resented way world economy left them in poverty—exploited & oppressed Grievances concerning religion & culture Stay away from Western ideas and ideals U.S. constant intervention in Middle East since 1970s until today which is why bin Laden formed al Qaeda—to get US out of Middle East

Activity: Defining Moment Superpower

War on terrorism WMDs---there were none al Qaeda & Hussein—truthfully they were enemies Manipulation of evidence & misleading public Invasion of Iraq—undermined economy & social welfare system Iraq has 10% of world oil reserves

Policy up to 2000 Isolationism to War with Spain 1898 Isolationism & Imperialism to WWI—Lusitania Isolationist to WWII—Pearl Harbor 1941 Containment to End of Cold War With the Cold War over in 1992, the U.S. had to redefine its role in the world. Nation-building to September 11, 2001 Upholding international order Nipping aggression in the bud—respond to aggression America’s “credibility” as a superpower

Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda directly responsible for the 9-11 attack on World Trade Center towers in New York Taliban government supported al Qaeda & bin Laden in Afghanistan US overthrew Taliban and freed Afghanistan Bin Laden escapes in mountains and US pursues him and his al Qaeda forces in the region