Unit 7: Plants

Wildcats Share Brainstorm, with the other person at your table, and make a list of everything that you use in a day that comes from plants. Brainstorm some characteristics that ALL plants have in common.

An Overview of Plants The study of plants is __________ ________ surround you when you climb a _______, walk on nice cool grass, or hike a _________ trail Plants include trees, _________, vegetables, _________, and field crops Between __________ and __________ plant species have been discovered Scientists think there are many plant species that have yet to be discovered, mostly in _________ ____________ Botany Plants tree nature flowers fruits 260,000 300,000 Tropical rainforests

An Overview of Plants Plants range in size from ____________ to giant Most have _______ or rootlike structures to hold them in the _________ or to some other object Plants are _________ to nearly every environment, from _______ regions to _________ ______ plants need water, but some cannot live unless they are submerged in either ____________ or ______ water microscopic roots ground adapted polar deserts All freshwater salt

An Overview of Plants Plants are made of ______ cells Plants are made of ______ Plants cells have cell _______ that provide __________ and protection Many plants contain the green pigment ____________, so most plants are _______ Plants need chlorophyll to make _______ using a process called _______________ Chlorophyll is found in a ______ structure called _____________ walls structure chlorophyll green food photosynthesis cell chloroplasts

An Overview of Plants green Plant cells from _______ parts of a plant usually contain many _____________ Most plant cells have a _______, membrane-bound structure called the _________ _______ that takes up most of the space inside of the cell This structure plays an ___________ roll in regulating the _______ content of the cell Many ____________ are stored in the _________ chloroplasts large Central vacuoles important water substances vacuole

An Overview of Plants first land The ______ plants that lived on ______ probably could survive only in _______ areas Their __________ were probably ancient green _______ that lived in the ______ Algae are one-celled or many-celled ___________ that use photosynthesis to make ______ Today plants and green algae have the _______ types of ____________ and carotenoids in their cells damp ancestors algae sea organisms food same chlorophyll

An Overview of Plants Carotenoids pigments ____________ are red, yellow, or orange __________ that also are used for photosynthesis These ______ lead scientists to think that plants and _______ algae have a __________ ancestor facts green common

An Overview of Plants animals The fossil record for plants is not like that for __________ Most animals have ________ or other hard parts that can _________ Plants usually decay ________ they become fossilized The oldest _______ plants are about _____ million years old Some fossils of ______ plants are similar to ancient _______ algae bones fossilize before fossil 420 early green

An Overview of Plants hypothesize Scientists ____________ that some of these early plants _________ into the plants that exist today evolved

An Overview of Plants Cone-bearing evolved ______________ plants, such as pines, probably _________ from a group of plants that grew about ______ million years ago It is ___________that flowering plants did not exist until about ______ million years ago However, the exact _______ of flowering plants is _____ known 300 estimated 120 origin not

An Overview of Plants Life on ______ has some ___________ for plants land advantages Life on ______ has some ___________ for plants More __________ and _________ dioxide, needed for photosynthesis, are available on land than in ________ During photosynthesis, plants give off _________ Long ago, as more and more plants _________ to life on _______, the amount of oxygen in Earth’s _____________ increased This was the beginning of ___________ that depend on oxygen carbon sunlight water oxygen adapted atmosphere land organisms

An Overview of Plants water Plants that only live in ________ can perform photosynthesis to make their own _______, and have materials enter and leave through their cell ____________ and cell wall They have ____________ they need to _________, as long as they have water What do you think would happen to the algae if the pond dried up? food membrane everything survive

An Overview of Plants out As the mud dries up water moves ______ of the algae cells, because water moves from areas of higher concentrations to areas of ________ concentrations Eventually the algae will _____ Plants that live on ______ have _____________ that allow them to __________ water, and other differences that make is possible for hem to survive lower die land adaptations conserve

An Overview of Plants Cuticle secreted _________- a waxy, protective layer ___________ by cells onto the _________ of a plants. Covers the stems, _________, and flowers of many plants. The cuticle ________ the loss of water ____________ themselves is another problem for land plants Plants have cell _______ that contain cellulose to address this problem surface leaves slows Supporting walls

An Overview of Plants Cellulose ___________-is a chemical compound that plants can make out of ________ Cellulose forms _______ chains, that form tangled fibers, that provide ___________ and support Some plants, like _______, can secrete other substances into the cellulose that make the cell wall even __________ What part of trees can be used for building structures? sugar long structure trees stronger

An Overview of Plants Life on land means that each plant cell is not surrounded by water and dissolved __________ that can move _________ into the cell Through ____________, structures developed in many plants that distribute water, nutrients, and food to _____ plant cells. Like _______ ________ in our bodies These structures also help provide _________ for the plant nutrients directly adaptations all Blood vessels support

An Overview of Plants reproduction Changes in _____________ were necessary if plants were too _________ on land The presence of water-resistant ________ helped some plants reproduce successfully Other plants adapted by producing water-resistant ________ in _______ or in flowers that developed into _______ survive spores seeds cones fruits

An Overview of Plants Generally members of a kingdom are divided into phylum's, in the plant kingdom they are divided into __________ Plants can also be grouped into _________ and nonvascular _________ _______- have tube-like structures that _______ water, nutrients, and other substances throughout the plant ___________ _______- do NOT have these tube-like structures and use ________ ways to move water and substances divisions vascular Vascular plants carry Nonvascular plants other

An Overview of Plants pecan Why do biologists call a ________ tree Carya illinoiensis and a white ______ tree Quercus alba? They are using words and ____________ and uniquely _______ the plant There was a ________ system for organizing plants that survived until the late _____________ century At that time _________ ________ developed a new system His new system used many ______________ to _________ a plant oak naming accurately simple eighteenth Carolus Linnaeus characteristics classify

Binomial nomenclature An Overview of Plants Linnaeus also developed a way to name plants and other organism called ___________ ___________ Under this system every plant species is given a _________ two-word name This system is also used for _________ and other organisms Binomial nomenclature unique animals

An Overview of Plants Binomial nomenclature rules: Every name is in _______ Names are always in ________ The first same is always _____________ and the second name is always ____________ Latin italics capitalized lowercase

Seedless Plants Nonvascular seeds _____________ plants, don’t grow from ________ and they do not have all the _______ other plants have parts hornwort mosses liverwort

Seedless Plants Nonvascular plants are usually just a ______ cells thick and only _____ cm in height Most have ________ that look like stems, and green _________ growths __________- threadlike structures that _________ nonvascular plants to the ground These plants have rhizoids instead of _______ few 2-3 stalks leaflike Rhizoids anchor roots

Seedless Plants damp Most nonvascular plants grow in places that are _______ Water is __________ and distributed _________ through their cell membranes and walls These plants reproduce by _________ absorbed directly spores

Seedless Plants Most nonvascular plants are classified as _________ They are green, leaflike _________, arranged around a central _______ Their rhizoids are made of _______ cells Sometimes stalks with ______ grow from moss plants ________ are produced in these caps mosses growths stalk many caps Spores

Seedless Plants rocks ground Mosses often grow on tree trunks, _______, or the ________ They are commonly found in _______ areas Some mosses have adapted to living in _________ damp deserts

Seedless Plants Liverworts ___________ are another group of nonvascular and seedless plants In the _______ century, liverworts were thought to he useful in treating diseases of the ______ The suffix –wort means “______”, so the work liverwort means “herb for the _______” These plants have __________ leaflike bodies They usually have ______-celled rhizoids ninth liver herb liver flattened one

Seedless Plants The last group are ___________ hornworts The last group are ___________ These are less than _____ cm in diameter and have a __________ body like liverworts Almost all hornworts have only one ___________ in each of their ______ Hornworts get their name from their spore-producing ____________, which look like tiny horns of ________ 2.5 flattened chloroplast cells structures cattle

Seedless Plants Mosses ecology _________ and liverworts are important in the _________ of many areas Although they require ________ conditions to grow and ____________, many of them can withstand long, ______ periods They can grow in ______ soil and in soils where other plants could ______ grow moist reproduce dry thin not

Seedless Plants Spores ________ of mosses and liverworts are carried by the _______ They will grow into plants if __________ conditions are right Mosses often are among the first plants to grow in ______ or disturbed environments, such as ______ fields or after a ________ fire _________ _______- organisms that are the ______ to grow in new or disturbed areas wind growing new lava forest first Pioneer plants

Seedless Plants die As pioneer plants grow and ______ decaying material ________ up This along with the slow breakdown of _______ builds _____ When enough soil has formed, other ___________ can more into the area builds rocks soil organisms

Seedless Plants Seedless __________ plants vascular Seedless __________ plants _______ and mosses are alike in ______ way, both reproduce by spores instead of ________ Ferns are different from _________ because they have _________ tissue ferns one seeds mosses vascular

Seedless Plants seedless The vascular tissue in __________ vascular plants is made up of long __________ cells These cells carry water, ___________, and food to cells throughout the plant _____________ plants are usually only a ______ cells thick because each cell _________ water ________ from the environment As a result these plants cannot grow _______ tube-like nutrients Nonvascular few absorbs directly large

Seedless Plants Vascular bigger __________ plants can grow ________ and thicker because they vascular tissue ___________ water and nutrients to all plant cells Besides ferns about ________ species of ground pines, spike mosses and __________are known to exist Ferns are more abundant with at least ________ known species Many species of seedless vascular plants are known only from ________ distribute 1,000 horsetails 12,000 fossils

Seedless Plants warm These kinds of plants flourished during a _______, moist period ______-______million years ago Fossil records show that some horsetails grew ____ meters tall, unlike modern species which grow only ______ meters tall What do you think allowed these plants to get so tall in the past? 360 268 15 1-2

Seedless Plants ferns The largest group of seedless vascular plants is the ________ They have ________, leaves, and _______ Ferns leaves are called _________ Ferns produce _________ in structures that are usually found on the ___________of their fronds stems roots fronds spores underside

Seedless Plants Thousands ____________ species of ferns now grow on Earth, but many more existed ______ ago From _______ left in rock layers, scientists infer that about ______ million years ago much of Earth was _________ Steamy _________ covered large areas The tallest plants were species of _______, that grew as tall as _____ meters Most modern _______ ferns are ______ meters tall and grow in _________ regions of the world long clues 360 tropical swamps ferns 25 tree 3-5 tropical

Seedless Plants Ground pines and spike mosses are groups of plants that often are called ______ mosses They are more closely related to _______ than to _________ These plants have _____________ leaves ________ are produced at the end of the _________ in structures that look like tiny _______ cones _________ pines are found from ________ regions to the tropics club ferns mosses Needle-like stems Spores pine Ground arctic

Seedless Plants Ground pines are rarely found in ________ numbers large Ground pines are rarely found in ________ numbers In some areas, they are ____________ because they have been over collected to make wreaths and other __________ endangered decorations

Seedless Plants ________ mosses resemble ground pines Spike ________ mosses resemble ground pines One _________ of spike moss, the _____________ plant, is adapted to desert conditions When ________ is scarce, the plant curls up and seems ________ When water becomes ___________, the resurrection plant unfurls and its _________ leaves and begin making _______ again species resurrection water dead available green food

Seedless Plants stem horsetails The _______ structure of ___________ is unique among the vascular plants The stems is _________ and has a hallow center surrounded by a ring of ___________ tissue At each joint, leaves grow from _________ the stem jointed vascular around

Seedless Plants spores Horsetails produce _________ in a cone-like structure at the ______ of some of its stems The ________ contain ________, a gritty substance found in sand For centuries horsetails have been used for ___________ objects, _____________ tools, and scouring cooking utensils Another common name is scouring _______ tips stems silica polishing sharpening rush

Seedless Plants seedless When many ancient ___________ plants died they became submerged in _________ and mud before they decomposed As this plant matter ________ up, it became ____________ and eventually turned into _______ This process to __________ or years Today a similar proves is taking place in _______, which are poorly _________ areas of land that contain decaying plants These plants are mostly seedless plants like __________ and ferns water built compacted coal millions bogs drained mosses

Seedless Plants waterlogged When bog plants die, the _____________ soil slows the _________ process Over time, these ___________ plants are compressed into a substance called _______ Peat is _________ from bogs and used as a low-cost _______ in places like Ireland and Russia decay decaying peat mined fuel

Seedless Plants One-third Peat supplies about ___________ of Ireland’s energy requirements Scientist hypothesize that over time, it additional _________ of soil bury, __________, and compress the peat, it will become ______ layers compact coal

Seedless Plants houseplants Many people keep ferns as _____________ or use them to landscape _________ areas They also can be used as____________ material for __________ Peat and sphagnum _________ are also used for gardening Peat is an excellent soil _____________ Sphagnum mosses are often used to _______ hanging baskets shady weaving basketry mosses conditioner line

Seedless Plants some eaten Parts of ________ seedless vascular plants can be ________ Seedless plants have been used as folk ___________ for hundreds of years medicine

Seed plants A lot of our ________ comes from seed plants food A lot of our ________ comes from seed plants Most of the plants you are familiar with are ________ plants Most seed plants have leaves, stems, ________, and vascular tissue They produce seeds that usually contain an __________ and stored ________ The stored food is the source of __________ for the embryo’s early _________ as it develops into a plant seed roots embryo food energy growth

Seed plants identified Most of the plant species that have been ___________ in the world today are ________ plants Seed plants are generally classified into two major groups, _______________ and _____________ seed gymnosperms angiosperms

Seed plants Most seed plants have _________ leaves Most seed plants have _________ Leaves are the _________ of the plant where the ________ making process usually occurs Leaves come in many _________, sizes, and ________ food organs shapes colors

Seed plants

Seed plants leaf layers A typical _______ is made of several different __________ of cells On the upper and ________ surface of a leaf is a _______ layer of cells called the ____________, which covers and __________ the leaf A waxy _________ coats the epidermis of some leaves _________- small ___________ in the epidermis which allow carbon dioxide, water and __________ to enter and exit the leaf lower thin epidermis protects cuticle Stoma opening oxygen

Seed plants ________ _______- open and ________ the stoma Guard cells ________ _______- open and ________ the stoma Just below the upper epidermis is the ___________ layer It consists of closely packed, _______, narrow cells that usually contain many _____________ Since this layer contains a lot of chloroplasts what do you think this layer might make a lot of? Why do you think it if beneficial for this layer to be under the upper epidermis and not closer to the bottom of the leaf? close palisade long chloroplasts

Seed plants Between the palisade layer and the ________ epidermis is the __________ layer It is a layer of loosely arranged _______ separated by ______ spaces In a leaf, _______ containing vascular tissue are found in the _________ layer lower spongy cells air veins spongy

Seed plants The ________ of a tree is really the stem of a tree Stems are usually located _________ ground and support the branches, leaves, and _______________ structures Materials move between leaves and roots through the __________ tissue in the stem trunk above reproductive vascular

Seed plants Plant stems are either _____________ or _________ Herbaceous stems usually are _______ and ________ Examples: Woody stems are hard, ________, and woody herbaceous woody soft green rigid

Seed plants The ________ system of most plants are as larger or larger than the _______________ stems and leaves _________ and other substances _________ a plant through its roots What structure do you think roots have that allows them to move these substances to other areas? roots aboveground Water enter

Seed plants anchors Roots act as __________, preventing plants from being blown away by ________ or washed away by moving ________ Sometimes _______ or all of the root structure are ______________ too Roots can store _______ Example: wind water part aboveground food Carrots

Seed plants growing Plants that continue __________ from year to year use this stored food to begin new __________ in the spring Plants that grow in ______ areas often have roots that store __________ The root systems of plants must be ________ How could planting a large tree close to a building cause a problem? growth dry water large

Seed plants vascular ________ tissues usually make up the ___________system in a seed plant _________-tissue made up of __________, tubular cells that are __________ one on top of the other to form a structure called a _________ These vessels transport water and ____________ substances from the roots ______________ the plant The thick cell walls also help __________ the plant Three Xylem hollow stacked vessel dissolved throughout support

Seed plants Phloem tubular __________- a plant tissues also made up of __________ cells that are stacked in form structures called ________ Tubes are different from _________ These move ________ from where it is made to other ________ of the plant where it is used or _________ tubes vessels food parts stored

Seed plants Cambium __________- tissue __________ the xylem and phloem that produces most of the new xylem and phloem _______ This growth increases the____________ the thickness of stems and ________ between cells thickness roots

Seed plants The __________ trees alive are gymnosperms _______________- vascular plants that produce seeds that that are not ___________ by _______ The word gymnosperm comes from the _________ language and means “________ _______” These plants do not have __________ Leaves are _____________ or scale-like oldest Gymnosperms protected fruit Greek Naked seed flowers Needle-like

Seed plants evergreens Many gymnosperms are called ____________ because some ________ leaves always remain on their branches Gymnosperms can be broken up into four divisions: __________, cycads, ____________, and gnetophytes All conifers produce _______ types of cones, male and female _______ types usually are found on the _______ plant Seeds develop on the _________ cone but not on the male green conifers ginkgoes two Both same female

Seed plants Angiosperms flowers ______________- vascular plant that __________ and produces fruits with one or more ________ The _______ develops from the _________ Angiosperms are very ___________ because they grow almost _____________ More than _______ the known species of plants belong to this division seeds fruit flower familiar everywhere half

Seed plants size The _________ of angiosperms vary in ______, shape, and _______ Some plants have flowers that are not ____________ easily as flowers Some _________ parts develop into a fruit Angiosperms are divided into ______ groups, the monocots and the ________ flowers color recognized flower two dicots

Seed plants cotyledon food A ___________ is a part of a seed often used for _______ storage ____________- have ______ cotyledon inside their seeds Examples: ________ = one __________- have ______ cotyledons inside their seeds Monocots one Rice, corn, wheat, bananas Mono Dicots two Peanuts, green beans, peas, apples

Seed plants The life cycles of angiosperms vary greatly Some plants complete their life cycle in less than a ________, others can take as long as a __________ Angiosperms that complete their life cycles within a ________ are called _________ and must grow from seeds every year ___________ complete their life cycle within ______years Angiosperms that take more than two years are called ____________ month century annuals year Biennials two perennials

Seed plants ________ plants have many uses in our daily lives _________, wood for desks, and __________ for clothes Fruits and ________ come from seed plants ________, hamburgers and hot dogs come form animals that ______ seed plants Paper cotton bread Milk eat

Seed plants ___________ are the most economically important gymnosperm Most of the _________ used for construction and ________ production comes from these trees ________, a waxy substance secreted by conifers, is used to make chemicals found in _______, paint, and some medicine Conifers wood paper Resin soap

Seed plants The most economically important plants on Earth are the _____________ They form the basis of the ________ of most animals First plants that humans ________ Also a source of many of the ________ used in clothing angiosperms diets grew fibers