Green Pharmacology - More than only Medicine All Africa Congress on Pharmacology and Pharmacy South Africa 5 – 8 October 2016 J Pieter H van Wyk Dept: Pharmacology and Therapeutics Sefako Makgatho Health Science University (SMU) South Africa bioenergy.res@gmail.com 2

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Sulphur (S) Non-Biodegradable Chemical Structure Water Soil Biodegradable Chemical Composition Elimination Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Sulphur (S) Adverse Effects Climate Change Medicines Pharmaceuticals Drugs ENVIRONMENT Pollution Waste Global Warming Therapeutics Use Chemical Composition Source of Chemicals Petrochemicals Oil, Coal: Fossil Fuels 3

Pollution Solid Waste Solid Waste Composition Chemical Composition: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S). 46 % Organic Food Scrap, Yard Waste (leaves, brush) Wood Pollution ORGANIC WASTE 63 % 17 % Paper Cardboard, Newspaper, Magazines, Bags, Office paper Amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 10 % Plastic Bottles, Packaging, Container, Bags Solid Waste 5 % Glass Bottles, Lights Bulbs, Coloured Glass 2002: 0,68 billion tonnes per year 4 % Metal Cans, Foil, Aerosol Cans, Appliances 2012: 1,3 billion tonnes per year Solid Waste Composition 18% Other Textiles, Leather, Rubber, e-Waste, Inert Materials 2025: 2,2 billion tonnes per year Solid Waste Management 2025: 1,42 kg / capita / day Alternative Use – Resource? 4

C H O c o H O H H O O H O c o H H C H O O C H C C H H H C C Waste Paper Hemi-cellulose Bio-polymer: glucose – xylose – mannose – galactose - arabinose Lignin “Glue”: dendritic network of phenyl propene basic units: sulphur bearing – sulphur free structures. Structural Composition Cellulose Bio-polymer: glucose – glucose – glucose – glucose – glucose c o CH2OH HO OH H (Bio)-Acetic acid C H O H O Can cellulose be resolved into glucose? Use glucose as feedstock? H H O O H O c o CH2OH HO OH H H H C Resolve glucose? H O Fermentation? O C H C C H H H C C 5

Types of waste (used) paper materials: Cellulose can be hydrolysed into glucose, a fermentable sugar: Strong acid catalysed hydrolysis – HCl ; H2SO4 Multi-component cellulase enzyme system - bioconversion. Trichoderma viride ; Aspergillus niger Filter Paper Maximum Bioconversion Into Glucose Optimum pH Foolscap Paper Optimum temperature Office Paper Incubation Time Cellulase concentration Paper Towel Amount of paper Types of waste (used) paper materials: News Paper Stability – Temp, pH Pretreatment of Paper (Cellulose) Heterogeneous Catalysis Cellulose structural features: Crystalline section – difficult to degrade Amorphous – more susceptible for degradation. Cellulase, a multi-component system, three major components: exoglucanase, endoglucanase, B-glucosidase Brown Envelope Paper Powder – surface area Heat treatment Cardboard Ultra sonification Successive cellulase treatment Woolworths Advertising Paper Synergism / Recombination Pick ’n Pay Advertising Paper Ink 6

Cellulase Catalyzed Saccharification of Waste Paper Sugar Determination: Spectrophotometric DNS-reagent Glucose standard Incubation Pieces (non-pretreated and pretreated) wastepaper Buffer Enzyme solution 7

Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. About 2150 (estimated) sawmills at the bank of Lagos lagoon. An average of 8 logs are being sawn per day per mill. Tons of waste per year - 290 000. Sawdust. Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. Waste International: Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria Lignocellulosic sawdust [Glucose] - (mg.ml-1) Kraft pulped. E. suaveolen 7.5 S. globulifera 5.8 R. heudelotii 6.6 P. macrocarpa 7.4 M. excelsa 2.3 I. asarifolia 7.7 H. ciliata 8.4 S. gabonensis 9.4 P. angolensis 10.5 T. superba 12.7 Lignocellulosic sawdust [Glucose] - (mg.ml-1) Kraft pulped. T. superba 12.7 A. germinans 4.3 T. scleroxylon 10.3 U. guineensis 11.5 N. diderrichii 11.1 M. altissima 6.6 E. gigas 6.3 C. pentadra 10.8 K. ivorensis 6.8 L. alata 13.4 S. Pustulatas 8,25 8

Waste International: Libanon – February 23, 2016: Reuters 9

Solid Waste – Organic Waste - Resource Waste International: South Africa Waste International: South Africa 10

Green Pharmacology - More than only Medicine Conclusions: Waste cellulose is a major part of solid waste Waste cellulose can be bio-converted into glucose by cellulase a multi-component hydrolytic enzyme Glucose from organic waste degradation could be utilized as a feedstock (resource) for bio-product development (benzocaine, ethyl salicylate) Limit accumulation of waste and pollution. 11

Current and Future Research: Green Pharmacology - More than only Medicine Current and Future Research: Increase the susceptibility of waste paper for cellulase catalyzed bioconversion – pretreatment. Separation, isolation, characterization and recombination of cellulase components for increased bioconversion – chromatography Simultaneous “pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, esterification” of organic waste (used paper) into bio-products Biodegradation of waste paper with natural cellulase systems – snails Pyrolysis of waste biomass – obtain aromatic compounds. Thank You End