Ecology Ecology Chapters 3-5 Ecology

I. ECOLOGY = study of interactions among organisms & their environment A. Environmental Factors 1. Abiotic Factors = nonliving parts of environment Ex: temperature, water, soil, sunlight, rocks, wind, etc. Ecology

3. Habitat = AREA an organism lives in Ecology 2. Biotic Factors = all LIVING (or once living) organisms in environment 3. Habitat = AREA an organism lives in Ex: forest, ocean *organism’s address Ecology

4. NICHE = ROLE an organism has in its environment Ecology 4. NICHE = ROLE an organism has in its environment Ex: finding food/shelter, how/when it reproduces, how it survives * organism’s lifestyle Ecology

B. Ecological Levels of Organization Ecology B. Ecological Levels of Organization 1. Organism/Individual 2. Population = organism of same species living in one place at one time 3. Community = different populations interacting Ecology

4. Ecosystem = interactions of community & abiotic factors Ecology 4. Ecosystem = interactions of community & abiotic factors 5. Biome = group of ecosystems w/ similar climate 6. Biosphere = Earth [from atmosphere to oceans] Ecology

Ecology Ecology

C. Relationships Between Organisms Ecology C. Relationships Between Organisms 1. Predator-Prey (+ -) = one kills & feeds off another Ex: Lions & zebras 2. Symbiosis = close & permanent relationship between 2 organisms (no killing) Ecology

a. 3 Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism (+ +) = both species benefit Ecology a. 3 Types of Symbiosis: 1. Mutualism (+ +) = both species benefit Ex: bees & flowers, sharks & remora, clownfish & anemone Ecology

Ecology Ecology

Ecology Ecology

Ecology 2. Commensalism (+ 0) = one species benefits; other has no benefit but no harm Ex: Barnacles on a whale Cattle Egrets & Livestock Ecology

Ecology Ecology

3. Parasitism (+ -) = one species benefits; other is harmed Ecology 3. Parasitism (+ -) = one species benefits; other is harmed Ex: fleas on a dog, tapeworm/ lice and human Ecology

Ecology Ecology

Ecology Ecology

1. Autotrophs (Producers) – make own food Ecology D. Organisms & Energy 1. Autotrophs (Producers) – make own food 2. Heterotrophs (Consumers) – feed on other organisms a. Herbivores – eat plants b. Carnivores – eat animals c. Omnivores – eat both Ecology

3. Scavengers – feed on dead animal bodies Ecology 3. Scavengers – feed on dead animal bodies Ex: vultures, hyenas 4. Decomposers – break down & absorb nutrients from dead organisms Ex: bacteria, fungus Ecology

Ecology Ecology

E. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Ecology E. Energy Flow in Ecosystems 1. Food chain – shows ONE path of energy flow Ecology

Ecology Ecology

2. Food web – shows ALL possible feeding/energy relationships Ecology 2. Food web – shows ALL possible feeding/energy relationships Ecology

3. Comparison Both start w/ PRODUCERS Ecology 3. Comparison Both start w/ PRODUCERS Food webs are more realistic than chains Each step is called a TROPHIC LEVEL Ecology

Arrows show DIRECTION OF ENERGY FLOW – NOT what the organism eats!! Ecology Arrows show DIRECTION OF ENERGY FLOW – NOT what the organism eats!! Ecology

Ecology http://staff.harrisonburg.k12.va.us/~gharper/bay/weboflifepage/foodweb.jpg Ecology

Ecology Ecology

4. Energy pyramids – shows amount of energy passed on in a food chain. Ecology 4. Energy pyramids – shows amount of energy passed on in a food chain. bottom of pyramid is producers -most plentiful & has most energy! Ecology

Ecology less energy available to pass on to next level (approx. 10% passed onto next level) Ecology

Ecology Ecology

Ecology Ecology

A. Succession = natural changes in an ecosystem over time Ecology II. Ecosystems Chap 4-2 A. Succession = natural changes in an ecosystem over time Occurs in stages Ecology

1. Primary succession – development of community in an area w/ no life Ecology 1. Primary succession – development of community in an area w/ no life a. Ex: land after volcanic eruptions, avalanches, etc. b. NO SOIL/Pre-existing Life c. LONG time to develop Ecology

d. Pioneer community – 1st species to live in area Ecology d. Pioneer community – 1st species to live in area small, fast-growing & reproduces fast Ex: lichens, mosses, small animals Ecology

2. Secondary succession – development of community in a disrupted area Ecology 2. Secondary succession – development of community in a disrupted area a. Ex: land after fires, forest clearing, etc. b. HAS SOIL c. SHORTER time to develop Ecology

d. Climax community – final, stable community w/ little or no change Ecology d. Climax community – final, stable community w/ little or no change Ecology

Ecology Ecology

* Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems Cycles of Matter chap 3-3 * Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems

1. EVAPORATION (TRANSPIRATION if H2O lost from plants) Ecology I. Cycles of Matter A. WATER CYCLE 1. EVAPORATION (TRANSPIRATION if H2O lost from plants) 2. CONDENSATION (forms clouds & droplets) Ecology

3. PRECIPITATION (rain, snow, ice) Ecology 3. PRECIPITATION (rain, snow, ice) * IMPORTANCE = all living things need water to survive Ecology

Ecology Condensation Seepage Runoff Precipitation Transpiration Evaporation Root Uptake Ecology

The Water Cycle

2. Photosynthesis uses CO2 to make glucose Ecology B. CARBON CYCLE 1. CO2 released by volcanoes, human activity, respiration, decomposition 2. Photosynthesis uses CO2 to make glucose 3. Glucose (C6H12O6 eaten by consumers for energy) Ecology

4. Organisms release CO2 through respiration Ecology 4. Organisms release CO2 through respiration * IMPORTANCE = needed in photosynthesis to make O2, & needed for living tissue & skeletons Ecology

Ecology CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Ecology

The Carbon Cycle--Recycling matter

1. N2 gas converted to NH3/ NO3 / NO2 by bacteria in soil for plants Ecology C. NITROGEN CYCLE 1. N2 gas converted to NH3/ NO3 / NO2 by bacteria in soil for plants 2. Plants use NO3 / NO2 & consumers eat plants to make proteins Ecology

3. Dead organisms & animal waste returns nitrogen to soil Ecology 3. Dead organisms & animal waste returns nitrogen to soil 4. Different bacteria in soil convert this to N2 & release into atmosphere * IMPORTANCE = make amino acids for proteins Ecology

Ecology Ecology

The Nitrogen Cycle

1. Phosphate in rock & soil wears down into plants & oceans Ecology D. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE 1. Phosphate in rock & soil wears down into plants & oceans 2. Plants & consumers take in phosphate Ecology

3. When plants/animals die, phosphate enters sediment Ecology 3. When plants/animals die, phosphate enters sediment * IMPORTANCE = helps form DNA & RNA Ecology

Ecology http://ridge.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/ecosystem-jpgs/phosphorus-cycle.jpg Ecology

Phosphorus video clip

A. Population size depends on: Ecology I. Populations- Chap. 5 A. Population size depends on: 1) # of births 2) # of deaths 3) Migration (immigration & emigration) Ecology

Shortage of food supply can cause emigration & decrease population Ecology Ex. Sea otter population decreased when death rate increased due to hunting Shortage of food supply can cause emigration & decrease population Ecology

Slow initial growth -very few organisms to start Ecology B. Exponential Growth (J-shape): Slow initial growth -very few organisms to start 2. Rapid growth over time # of organisms reproducing increases only if resources are unlimited Ecology

Exponential Growth Ecology http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_27/39_05.GIF Ecology

Ecology Ecology

1. Occurs if resources reduce, -population growth will slow or stop Ecology C. Logistic Growth (S-shape): 1. Occurs if resources reduce, -population growth will slow or stop • Growth levels off at CARRYING CAPACITY = largest # of organisms of a species the environment can support Ecology

Logistic Growth Ecology http://www.algebralab.org/img/cb07ae0c-5106-416c-8407-38da526923c6.gif Ecology

D. Limits to Population Growth Ecology D. Limits to Population Growth 1. Limiting factor = biotic or abiotic factors that restricts # of organisms a. Types of Limiting Factors: 1. Density-dependent = as population increases, the effect will increase Ecology

a. Predation – as prey , predators & vice versa Ecology a. Predation – as prey , predators & vice versa Ecology

b. Disease & parasitism Makes individuals weak and more likely to die Ecology b. Disease & parasitism Makes individuals weak and more likely to die Ecology

c. Competition for resources Ecology c. Competition for resources Survival of the fittest Ex. Puffins & their nesting site Ecology

2. Density-independent = affects all populations regardless of size Ecology 2. Density-independent = affects all populations regardless of size a. Natural disasters b. Weather/climate c. Human activity (pollution, clearing forests, etc.) Ecology