Civilisation des Etats-Unis 8b: African Americans Prof. Sämi LUDWIG

Legislation: 1793 Fugitive Slave Law 1804 North abolishes slavery 1808 no importation of slaves: “breeding” 1819 Missouri slave state 1820 Missouri Compromise: - 36° 30’ N - territories decide  Confrontation delayed

Great Compromise of 1850: 1) California free state 2) Utah, NM territories decide 3) no slave market in DC 4) return fugitive slaves 1850 Fugitive Slave Act  slave catchers: “Vigilance committees” in North

Abolitionism: - Quakers, John Woolman Abolitionism: - Quakers, John Woolman - religious motivation of Abolitionists - Harriett Beecher-Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851-52) Lincoln: “The little woman who caused the big war” - Enlightenment  Natural Law Slave Narratives: e.g., Fredrick Douglass Underground Railroad: - 80’000 slaves escape, - North Star, to Canada

Civil War o 1863 Emancipation proclamation o 13th, 14th, 15th Amendment Military occupation = Radical Reconstruction 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes elected 1877 ends military occupation  Reconstruction = “home rule” of Southern Democrats (1877-1896)

1890s: Black disenfranchisement  poll taxes, white primaries, literacy tests Scientific racism: honorary PhD’s from Nazis Hottentot Venus

1894 Enforcement Act unconstitutional  reconciliation of North and South  no further civil rights legislation until 1957! 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson  separate public facilities (schools, trains, toilets) “separate but equal”

Lynching < Judge Lynch

Media, representation - postcards (stereotypes, even lynchings) - 1915 Thomas Dixon’s The Leopard’s Spot, The Clansman Film: Birth of a Nation by W.D. Griffiths

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) - Tuskegee Institute, AL vocational school, based on Pestalozzi’s head, heart & hand 1895 Atlanta Cotton Exposition: “Let down your bucket where you are” ... “in all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as a hand in all things for mutual progress.” White House tea with Teddy Roosevelt “Uncle Tom” reputation, but shrewd negotiator

W. E. Burghardt DuBois (1868-1963) o PhD (Berlin) o Niagara Movement, attacks Booker T. Washington o 1909 The Souls of Black Folk o co-founder of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of the Colored People) o editor of Crisis 1910-1934 o sociology at Atlanta University o Panafricanism, starts Encyclopedia Africana o dies as a citizen of Ghana (!)