HISTOLOGY: Study of Tissues Four Types? Two components of tissue?

4 Types Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

2 Components of Tissue Cells Extracellular matrix

Focus: Epithelium

LOCATION OF EPITHELIUM: Lining of body cavities Lining of digestive tract Lining of heart and blood vessels Lining of gland ducts Skin

FUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM Protection Absorption – one side of the tissue is always in contact w/ external opening (maintains homeostasis) Secretions – hormones, mucus, enzymes

How epithelial tissues are classified: SHAPE: Squamous – thin, think “squished” Cuboidal – cubed shape Columnar – rectangular think “column” LAYERS: Simple = single layer Stratified = more than one layer

Types of epithelium Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Stratified cuboidal

“special” types of epithelium Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – “false layers”, looks like there is more than one layer b/c nucleus alignment in cells Transitional epithelium – tissues that adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)

Anat/physiology October 9, 2006 Turn in epithelium packet w/ drawings attached POP QUIZ on identifying types of Epithelial tissue Test on Ch 5 – epithelium and connective tissue on Friday!!

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Connective Tissue 3 TYPES Connective tissue proper Fluid connective tissue Supporting connective tissue

Connective tissue proper Many types of cells in a syrupy ground substance Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory passageway Two types of connective tissue loose connective dense connective

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Fibroblasts (slender and star-shaped cells)

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Macrophages

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Adipose cells (stores fat)

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Mast Cells

Connective tissue proper: CELLS Plasma Cells

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Collagen Found in tendons and ligaments

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Elastic Fibers Rare but important Found between vertebrae and aorta

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Reticular Fibers holds blood vessels to surface of organs

Marfan Syndrome Genetic disorder that effects the production of connective tissue Effects just about every system in the body Especially dangerous for blood vessels: collapse and/or bursting of aorta

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Loose (aka areolar) Dense Adipose

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Loose connective (areolar) “packing material” Fills spaces between organs, supports epithelium Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper structures like muscles Highly vascularized, shots given in this tissue for quick transport of drugs

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Adipose Cushioning and energy storage Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts and abdomen Also fills bony sockets behind eyes dominant connective tissue of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Dense Connective Tightly packed collagen fibers make this tissue really strong Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and respiratory passageways

Fluid Connective Tissue Blood and Lymph

Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage – ground substance surrounding chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called matrix, matrix is firm gel Bone – matrix is rigid because of calcification and contains osteocytes (bone cells) (more next chapter)

Supporting Connective Tissue: CARTILAGE Hyaline – found between ribs and the sternum, along passageway of respiratory tract, opposing surfaces of bones with many joints (elbow and knee) Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of nose Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic bones of pelvis, some joints and tendons

Cartilage and Knee Injuries Cartilages are avascular so they heal poorly New research in growing and replacing cartilage has showed promise in dog studies

Fig. 5.19b

Fig. 5.19c

Last Two Types Epithelial Tissue Connective Muscle Nervous

Muscle Smooth Skeletal (striated) Cardiac

Smooth Lines organs such as those of the digestive tract

Fig. 5.22b

Skeletal Voluntary control – able to contract and create movement Multi-nucleated and visible striations

Fig. 5.21b

Nervous tissue Makes up tissue of Central and Periferal Nervous systems

Fig. 5.24b

The Strongest Link Skeletal System Instructions

Nationally Recognized Scholars, Featuring... Nationally Recognized Scholars, Pat E. Pointer U. Can Doit Otto B. Studying Love N. Life

The Strongest Link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Team Score 1 2

Who is the strongest link? The outer covering of the diaphysis of the long bone, made from fibrous tissue is called the EPIPHYSIS DIAPHYSIS PERIOSTEUM ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Who is the strongest link?

PERIOSTEUM Periosteum is the connective tissue that covers long bones and is thicker in children than adults. Next Question

Compact bone is made up of _______ cemented together. Osteons Osteocytes Perforating canals Trabiculae Who is the strongest link?

OSTEONS Next Question

Who is the strongest link? The cells that tear down and remodel bone are the ____________. Marophages Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Who is the strongest link?

Osteoclasts release a strong acid that breaks down bone. Next Question

Who is the strongest link? Inside the epiphyses of each long bone, mostly _______ can be found. Yellow Marrow Cartilage Compact bone Spongy bone Who is the strongest link?

Spongy Bone Next Question

Which bones do not belong to the axial skeleton? Hip Bone Skull Ribs Vertebrae Who is the strongest link?

Only the coccyx bone of pelvic region belongs with the axial skeleton. HIP BONES Only the coccyx bone of pelvic region belongs with the axial skeleton. Next Question

How many bones are there total in the adult human body? 450 280 206 180 Who is the strongest link?

206 Children have approx 450 cartilaginous bones that develop and fuse into 206 adult bones. Next Question

Who is the strongest link? The medullary cavity in the diaphysis of an adult bone would contain _______. Organic salts Blood vessels Spongy bone Compact bone Who is the strongest link?

Explanation of Answer Goes Here BLOOD VESSELS Explanation of Answer Goes Here Next Question

Who is the strongest link? The part of the bone that articular cartilage covers directly is the ________. Endosteum Periosteum Diaphysis Epiphysis Who is the strongest link?

EPIPHYSIS Next Question

Who is the strongest link? The junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bone is called the Epiphyseal plate Endosteum Periosteum Articular plate Who is the strongest link?

Contains dividing cells that cause bone elongation EPIPHYSEAL PLATE Contains dividing cells that cause bone elongation Next Question

The broad, flat bones of the skull are ____________. Cartilaginous Endochondral Spongy Intramembranous Who is the strongest link?

INTRAMEMBRANOUS Next Question

How to play The Strongest Link Divide the group up into two teams. Assign one group to be Team 1, the other will be Team 2. Have each team choose a spokesperson. Begin the PowerPoint and introduce the characters. Have the spokesperson from one team choose a question. Click on that number. Read the question and allow the spokesperson to confer with teammates to come up with an answer. Have them state the answer orally, then click on the arrow button. Read the answer displayed on the next slide. Click on the button to move back to the board. If the answer given was correct, type the correct number of points in the score box. Continue to play until all questions have been answered. The team with the most points wins. Let’s Play!

The Strongest Link MUSCLES! Instructions

Nationally Recognized Scholars, Featuring... Nationally Recognized Scholars, Pat E. Pointer U. Can Doit Otto B. Studying Love N. Life

The Strongest Link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Team Score 1 2

Most of the bones of the body are ____________. Spongy bone Intra membranous Endochondral Cartilaginous Who is the strongest link?

Explanation of the Answer Goes Here ENDOCHONDRAL Explanation of the Answer Goes Here Next Question

Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone? Vertebrae Rib Humerus Clavicle Who is the strongest link?

VERTEBRAE Next Question

Which bone cell works to rebuild bone tissue? Osteons Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Who is the strongest link?

Osteoblasts lay down inorganic salts which help to form compact bone. Next Question

In order to create movement, bones function as _______. Fulcrums Pulleys Machines Levers Who is the strongest link?

LEVERS Next Question

Who is the strongest link? Which component of the bone is responsible for creating blood cells? Red Marrow Yellow Marrow Spongy Bone Compact Bone Who is the strongest link?

RED MARROW Red marrow contains premature blood cells that can be stimulated to mature when more blood cells are needed. Next Question

A small bundle of muscle fibers Fascia Myofibril Fascicle Epimysium Who is the strongest link?

Fascicle Next Question

Who is the strongest link? Network of connective tissue that extends throughout the muscular system Endomysium Epimysium Perimysium Sarcolemma Who is the strongest link?

Connective tissue that covers the muscle and is continuous with fascia EPIMYSIUM Connective tissue that covers the muscle and is continuous with fascia Next Question

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle Perimysium Endomysium Epimysium Fascia Who is the strongest link?

FASCIA Next Question

Who is the strongest link? Layer of connective tissue that separates a muscle into small bundles called fascicles Perimysium Endomysium Epimysium Sarcolemma Who is the strongest link?

PERIMYSIUM Next Question

Who is the strongest link? Cellular organelle in muscle fiber corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma Sarcomere Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Who is the strongest link?

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Next Question

How to play The Strongest Link Divide the group up into two teams. Assign one group to be Team 1, the other will be Team 2. Have each team choose a spokesperson. Begin the PowerPoint and introduce the characters. Have the spokesperson from one team choose a question. Click on that number. Read the question and allow the spokesperson to confer with teammates to come up with an answer. Have them state the answer orally, then click on the arrow button. Read the answer displayed on the next slide. Click on the button to move back to the board. If the answer given was correct, type the correct number of points in the score box. Continue to play until all questions have been answered. The team with the most points wins. Let’s Play!