Introduction to International Relation Done by: Morgan Dolan Xia, Yu Niorn Pipatanatiganant

CHAPTER 2 The Evolution of International Society

What is International Society Any association of distinct political communities that accept common rules, values, institutions Principles: Sovereign quality (hierarchical, hegemonial and imperial) Non-intervention Key institutions: Diplomacy International Law Balance of power

Christian and Islamic Order Ancient Worlds Christian and Islamic Order Any association of distinct political communities that accept common rules, values, institutions Principles: Sovereign quality (hierarchical, hegemonial and imperial) Non-intervention Key institutions: Diplomacy International Law Balance of power Medieval Europe’s international society Supranational Transnational Subnational National Catholic Church helped elaborate normative basis of society Canon law, just war) Islam – Umma (community of belivers) and treat law with others

Modern International society Emergence of Modern International Society Modern International society Key elements: Domination of Europe by larger states Protestant reform Diminished Church authority Strengthened sovereign equality Exploration of new word Peace of Westphalia (1648) American and French Revolution + Napoleonic wars Emerge of new nations Concert of Europe – Joint hegemony Post – WWII League of Nations

Globalization of International society United Nation (UN) – blocked by cold war Decolonization Spread of European model in international society Challenges for sovereignty-based international society New forms of community Failing states American hyper power Resistance to Western Ideas Poverty Environment A  global civil society is formed in which rights of individuals play a central role regardless of national/ethnic identity (citizens of the world). (Amnesty, Greenpeace). * An increasing number of failing States with internal wars, corruption and crime. Non- intervention meant not only sovereign-equality but also self-sustenance and viability.  *Some of the new regimes could not master their independence and their states fell pray  to mayhem and violence. The non-intervention principle prevented external involvement. *The  role of power in this new system: although technically and in raw 'fire power', the US rules, it cannot really unilaterally call the shots in the world (Afghanistan, Syria, Iran, Iraq,  N. Korea). China, Russia, Japan and the European Union challenge the US global status. * The common basis of the Post Cold-War Order has been set in a series of treaties as  relying on democracy and human rights. But are these interpreted similarly in various cultures and political systems? ("hypocritical Western pretext for Imperialism") *  Poverty and the environment , two critical policy issues without boundary. They must be tackled in coordination and collaboration in a protracted ongoing  effort. The effort necessitates extensive intervention of richer countries in weaker ones, curbing their sovereignty and independence.  Can it be done in any other way that would not violate the norms and understanding of the international society?

CHAPTER 3 International History 1900-99

World War I – The Great War Began between European on European battle field and strike across the globe First modern, industrialized total war High number of casualties The deconstruction on a massive scale. Countries entered the war based on patriotic and nationalist rhetoric. The misperception of the battlefield led to the massive detriment.

World War I – The Great War War totally mobilized men and women. Women were recruited to work in defensive military industries Men were conscripted into armies. The war finally ended with the agreement conference in Paris. Versailles Peace Treaty was signed to promise on truce and the responsibility on the damage of the aftermath After the war ended, Versailles treaty was signed requiring Germany to compensate the Allied forces. The framework of the treaty was for security of European and a new international orders.

World War II Versailles Peace Treaty failed to tackle to problem of European security. Germany revanchism? by creating new states and contested borders. The Wall Street crash of 1929 The Great Depression Appeal of Communist, fascist and Nazi parties Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi party, achieved its power and began the strategy of state transformation. They believed in racial supremacy with territorial expansion.

World War II Britain and French attempt to negotiate with Hitler and ended up with the Munich agreement given Sudetenland territory in Czechoslovakia as a price of peace. German seized the rest of Czechoslovakia and prepared to attack Poland. There were about 1.2 million were killed, not only Jews but also prisoners from all over Europe Anti-Semitism and the development of concentration camp - Auschwitz camp The new political lexicon; “holocaust” added.

The Rise of Japan In1868, Japan has emerged from its isolationism – industrial and military modernization and then imperial expansion Japanese aggression against Manchuria in 1931 Ineffective international responses – The league of Nations China was invaded by Japan in 1937. US economic sanctions against Japanese military precipitated attack on US fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1941 Japan was defeated in 1945 The world entered the nuclear age - the destruction of Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki

End of Empire Decolonization after WWII was influenced by many factors (attitude of the colonial power, the ideology and strategy of anti-imperialist forces.) India was colonized by Britain, the decolonization in India creates the world’s largest democracy. Division of India and Pakistan led to inter-communal ethnic cleansing and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Ethnic/religious conflicts exacerbated by colonial government structures were reignited by decolonization

End of Empire

Cold War Conflict between USSR (communist) and USA (Liberalism) No direct arm but propaganda, excoriate and proxy war Domino Theory Marshall plan – strengthened ties between Western Europe and US Truman doctrine - American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion (Greece and Turkey – for economy and protect from communist) Proxy war – Korean war and Vietnam war Vietnam war – communist won the Vietnam war Korean war – divided North Korea (China and Soviet) and South Korea (USA) NATO or Atlantic Treaty Organization A founding principle was that an attack on one NATO member was to be considered an attack on all

Discussion What do you think the world would look like now without WWI? How has the Cold War influenced your country? How has colonization impacted your national identity? Do you think decolonization was more harmful than maintaining colonial structures? How could non-intervention be detrimental to international society? Is China a hegemonic power and if so what do you think its responsibilities are in the international community?