2.3 Carbon-based Molecules Key Concept: Carbon-based molecules are the basis of life.

CHONPS! Cells are composed mostly of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

TED Ed Video http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-macaroni- salad-what-s-in-a-molecule-josh-kurz

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds (strong bonds) with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures Straight chain Branched chain Ring

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds Carbon forms isomers Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structural formulas Example: C4H10 Only carbon has these characteristics

STOP & REVIEW What four properties of carbon make it so special and unique? Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to 4 other atoms. (This allows it to form huge macromolecules) Macro = large Carbon can have three shapes. (long chain, branch, or ring) Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds. Carbon can form isomers.

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Can Lisa Pick Nectarines?

Carbohydrates Molecule  Carbohydrates Has Carbon All of the time Has Hydrogen All of the time  Has Oxygen Has Nitrogen  - Has Phosphorus STRUCTURE Monomer   monosaccharide Polymer disaccharide (dimer), polysaccharide  Examples Monosaccharide:  glucose (in your blood), fructose (fruit), galactose (milk) Disaccharide: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk) Polysaccharide: starch (structure: long chain of glucose molecules) & cellulose (function: component of cell wall in plants), glycogen (function: energy storage in animals) Unique Function: Provide a quick source of energy Structure: Usually found as rings, and branched chains Structure: 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O

Lipids Molecule  Lipids Unique Has Carbon All of the time Has Hydrogen Has Oxygen Has Nitrogen  Some of the time Has Phosphorus Some of the time  STRUCTURE Monomer  glycerol & fatty acids (polar heads & fatty acid tails) Polymer  triglycerides; phospholipids Examples -Function: Phospholipids make up all cell membranes (allow them to be fluid-like, more heat = more flexibility in fluid) -Fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids, waxes, phospholipids Unique Nonpolar Function: Long chains that are broken down to provide energy, long term storage of energy Function: Used to make steroid hormones (control stress, estrogen, testosterone) Structure: Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids Saturated fats: Structure: all bonds are full with hydrogen's attached. Are usually solid at room temperature, and most come from animal products. Cause circulatory disease Unsaturated fats: Have double bonds, and are not full. Are liquid at room temperature, and are usually referred to as oils.

Fats

Proteins Molecule  Proteins Has Carbon All of the time Has Hydrogen Has Oxygen Has Nitrogen Has Phosphorus -  STRUCTURE Monomer Amino acid (there are 20 different kinds) Polymer Polypeptide (protein)  Examples Functions: Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions by decreasing activation energy,  hemoglobin (transport oxygen in blood), collagen (structural protein part of connective tissue, which is used for movement) An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. Unique Structure: 3D structure makes them active  Structure: Peptide bonds hold amino acids together Structure: Have a side group (R) that makes each amino acid (and therefore protein) different, make polypeptide chains Structure: Sometimes may contain sulfur

Different Shapes of a Protein http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ (c) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM (H)

Nucleic acids Molecule  Nucleic acids Has Carbon All of the time Has Hydrogen All of the time  Has Oxygen Has Nitrogen Has Phosphorus STRUCTURE Monomer   Nucleotide (5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, & base) Polymer Nucleic acid  Examples DNA & RNA  Unique  - Order of the bases makes every living thing unique Function: DNA stores genetic information in chains Function: RNA builds proteins

STOP & REVIEW What are the 4 carbon based macromolecules? 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids What is similar among the 4 carbon based macromolecules? They all have CHO in them What is unique between the 4 macromolecules? Their shapes are different, their functions are different What is a monomer Individual subunits (Ex: glucose) What is a polymer? A bunch of monomers together (Ex: Starch)

Amoeba Sisters Macromolecules https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM

Building & Using Carbon-based Molecules Building (process): dehydration synthesis Removal of water to make a new product (water is a product) Turns monomers into polymers Using (process): hydrolysis Breaking apart using water (water is a reactant) Turns polymers into monomers

Dehydration Synthesis Two monomers need to join One monomer loses (-OH) and one loses (-H) The two monomers join and the (-OH) and (-H) join, forming H2O monomer-OH + monomer-H  polymer + H2O Click on slide title for animation

Hydrolysis A polymer needs to break apart (the carbs, proteins, and lipids we ingest are too big for us to use) Water breaks apart into (-OH) and (-H) and splits the polymer into monomers The (-OH) and (-H) bond to each monomer to make them stable molecules polymer + H2O  monomer-OH + monomer-H

TED Ed Video http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-macaroni- salad-what-s-in-a-molecule-josh-kurz