What do we mean by demography? Study of human populations Births Deaths Age Gender These variables can be shown in a population pyramid

Learning Objectives To be able to construct and interpret population pyramids, and understand how population structures represent different stages of the DTM.

Population pyramids A population pyramid displays the age – sex structure of a country or area The height of the pyramid indicates life expectancy The width of the base gives an indication of birth rate The vertical axis shows the population in age bands of 5 years Males to the left The horizontal axis shows number or % of males and females Females to the right

Look out for lumps and bumps! Population structure Look out for lumps and bumps! Bulges or surpluses can show the effects of in migration or baby booms! Dips or deficits can show the effects of out migration, war, famine or disease

Activity: The UK’s population structure Complete the worksheet by labelling key factors that influence the shape of the UK’s population pyramid. What stage of the DTM was the UK in at this time?

Check your answers Figure over 60 Females = 6.6 million Over 90 years males = 0.2% females = 0.25% 2b) More females (3.7 million ) than males (3.2 million) 1a) 1c) 1b) 2a) fluctuating BR 1d)

Age structure can be measured using the Dependency Ratio Population structure Age structure can be measured using the Dependency Ratio Elderly dependents Economically active Figures for calculating the dependency ratio can vary! Youth dependents The higher the dependency ratio, the more the non–economically active population is dependent on the working population The dependency ratio = (population 0 – 19) + (population over 60) population 20 – 59 years

Dependency ratio Countries with a dependency ratio close to 1 have high dependency - they have 1 person of working age for every dependent person. Dependency ratios of 0.5 are better; this means that for every 2 working age people there is only 1 dependent person to cater for. High dependency can result from: A high number of children giving a youthful population, in the Mali, over 40% of the population is under the age of 15. A high number of elderly people, an ageing population.

The Juvenility Index = population 0 – 19 population 20 and over Population structure The Juvenility Index = population 0 – 19 population 20 and over The higher the index, the greater the proportion of younger people in the population (LEDC’s) Mozambique 2000

The Old Age Index = population 60 and over population 20-59 Population structure The Old Age Index = population 60 and over population 20-59 The higher the index, the greater the proportion of elderly people in the population (MEDC’s) Figures for calculating the old age index can vary! UK 2000

Activity: Drawing a population pyramid Use the statistics in table 5.3 to draw a population pyramid for Kenya on the template provided: Label the horizontal axis Add an appropriate scale Label male and females Having drawn your pyramid, complete tasks 1-3 in the grey box on your sheet. Complete the questions on page 2 of the Kenya booklet. Answer them in your book.

Learning Objectives To be able to construct and interpret population pyramids, and understand how population structures represent different stages of the DTM.

What else does a population pyramid show? The four pyramids display characteristics which suggest events within that country or the status of a country. Study the pyramids to see if you can work out which characteristics fit each pyramid... An LEDC A birth control policy An ageing population A famine A young population An MEDC A baby boom A country which has been at war

Baby boom War Famine An ageing population

Population structure: changes over time As country or area develops, its population structure changes over time. The shape of pyramids reflect different stages in the Demographic Transition Model.

Activity: Population pyramids and the DTM Cut out the population pyramids and stick them in your books in the correct order – stages 1 to 5.

Check your answers Plenary – 10 things you know about population pyramids