Japanese Americans & the US Constitution

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Presentation transcript:

Japanese Americans & the US Constitution Inspired by the Smithsonian’s Museum of American History

Between 1900 and 1940, 275,000 Japanese came to America.

Most worked in agriculture on the West Coast…

…but success was often met with discrimination.

Then came Pearl Harbor.

A racist hysteria swept the country.

Suddenly, loyal citizens looked suspicious.

Although American Japanese tried to prove their loyalty…

…FDR signed Executive Order 9066, directing the military to arrest and relocate all persons of Japanese descent.

But, this was a problem because…

…the United States Constitution says:

“The right of the people to be secure in their persons…”

“…houses, papers and effects…”

“…against unreasonable searches and seizures…”

“…shall not be violated…”

“…and no Warrants shall issue, but on probable cause…”

“…supported by Oath or affirmation…” “A Jap is a Jap. It makes no difference whether the Jap is a citizen or not.” -General John Lee DeWitt, Commander, Western Defense Command, 1942

“…and particularly describing the place to be searched…”

“…and the persons or things to be seized.” -Fourth Amendment

So, even though the Constitution clearly states…

…that . rounding . people up…

…loading them onto trains…

…and shipping them…

…to be fingerprinted…

…treated like criminals… To prove their loyalty, over

…and locked into makeshift prisons …

…far away from home…

…perfectly contradicts the very ideals America was founded upon…

…it happened to over 110,000 men, women and children in the United States. The last camp closed in 1945.

Despite all this, 25,000 Japanese Americans served in the US Armed Forces in World War II.

Many served in the segregated, Japanese American only 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

The 442nd fought courageously against the Nazis…

…and the Japanese. Over 5000 served as interpreters and code breakers.

However, at an average height of 5’ 4’’ and weighing 125lbs However, at an average height of 5’ 4’’ and weighing 125lbs., Japanese American soldiers were a quartermaster’s nightmare.

To accommodate their size, many uniforms had to be made from scratch or from ladies’ uniforms. One soldier, Takeshi Kazumura, wore size 2 ½ shoes!

The 442nd earned 18,143 medals and over 153 unit citations, making them the most decorated unit in the entire war. When his squad leader got wounded, Private Sadao Munemori led his men through a minefield to within 30 yards of an entrenched machine gun position. He moved in and destroyed it with six grenades. On his way back, Munemori was hit in the head with a grenade. He quickly smothered it with his body and saved the lives of his men. Munemori won the Congressional Medal of Honor.

In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, which formally apologized for the violation of Japanese Americans’ Constitutional Civil Rights during World War II. The act also payed $20,000 in reparations to each living former internee.