Flight Operations Chapter 23 Visual Navigation Fundamentals

Figure 23-1. IAS and TAS indicator.

Figure 23-2. Examples of the HDG/TAS vector.

Figure 23-3. Examples of the W/V vector.

Figure 23-4. Drift is the angle between heading and ground track.

Figure 23-5. A wind of 230/20.

Figure 23-6. HDG/TAS + W/V = TR/GS—the triangle of velocities.

Figure 23-7. Tracking error is the angle between desired course and actual track.

Figure 23-8. The triangle of velocities—calculating a heading to achieve the desired course.

Figure 23-9. Two different synoptic situations at different times.

Figure 23-10. Periodically reset current reported altimeter setting.

Figure 23-11. VFR cruise altitudes above 3,000 feet AGL.

Figure 23-12. Example 23-1.

Figure 23-13. Example 23-2 using 1,000 feet clearance and using 10% plus 1,500 feet.

Figure 23-14. The earth rotates at 15° of longitude per hour.

Figure 23-15. The apparent motion of the sun around the earth.

Figure 23-16. Standard time zones in the United States.

Figure 23-17. The sun does not shine evenly on the earth.

Figure 23-18. The higher the latitude, the longer the twilight.

Figure 23-19. The sun does not shine evenly on the earth.

Figure 23-20. An airplane can be in sight of the sun after it has set on the earth below.

Figure 23-21. Local sunrise and sunset is affected by terrain.

Figure 23-22. Places A, B & C, although on the same meridian, experience different sunrise and sunset times because they are on different latitudes.

Figure 23-23. In the United States, official night commences at sunset approximately +30 minutes and night ends at sunrise approximately –30 minutes.

Figure 23-24. The dateline runs basically along the 180° meridian.

Figure 23-25. Crossing the dateline traveling eastward—subtract one day; traveling westward— add one day.

Figure 23-26. Questions 11 and 12.

Figure 23-27. Questions 13 and 14.

Figure 23-28. Questions 15 and16.

Figure 23-29. Time conversion table.