WATER ENERGY NEXUS Water for Energy Energy for Water “Water for Energy” and “Energy for Water” Water-energy nexus is a term used to decipher their interrelationship It reveals the relationship between how much Water is consumed or evaporated to generate & transmit Energy How much energy it takes to collect, clean, move, store, and dispose of water. This interdependency between water and energy is referred to as Water-Energy nexus. Water for Energy Fuel Drilling and Mining Thermo Electric Cooling (natural gas, coal, oil & uranium) Fuel Refining and Processing Electricity generation From Hydro power Transportation of water for Energy uses to provide consumption water for various uses Drinking Water Treatment Wastewater Treatment Energy for Water

Water & Energy Fast Facts- Scarce & Under Stress 40% of the world’s population is expected to live in water scarce-regions by 2025. 27% of the urban population in the developing world does not have piped water in its house. Globally, we use 70% of our water sources for agriculture and irrigation, and only 10% on domestic uses. ENERGY Total electricity consumption of the water and wastewater sectors will grow 33% in the next 20 years. 99.7% of all the water on earth is not available for human and animal consumption. 52% of total global water desalination occurs in the Middle East.

Uses for energy and water Uses for energy and water Uses from Fuel Production to Consumption Particulars Uses for energy and water Oil and gas Injection into the reservoir in secondary and enhanced oil recovery. Upgrading and refining into products. Drilling, well completion and hydraulic fracturing. Oil sands mining and in-situ recovery. Coal Re-vegetation of surface mines. Cutting and dust suppression in mining and hauling. Long-distance transport via coal slurry. Washing to improve coal quality. Particulars Uses for energy and water Bio-fuels Wet milling, washing and cooling in the fuel conversion process. Irrigation for feedstock crop growth. Thermal (fossil fuel, nuclear and bio-energy) Boiler feed, i.e. the water used to generate steam or hot water. Cooling for steam-condensing. Pollutant scrubbing using emissions-control equipment. Concentrating solar power and geothermal System fluids or boiler feed, i.e. the water used to generate steam or hot water. Hydropower Electricity generation. Storage in a reservoir (for operating hydro-electric dams or energy storage).

Water Footprint on Energy Generation (Consumption vs Withdrawal) Withdrawal: Water taken from water source Water intake system can trap and kill fish and other aquatic life. Water taken from ground water aquifers, can deplete them. Consumption: Water that is lost from the total water withdrawn, usually due to evaporation during the cooling process”. It reduces the availability of water to be used for other purposes in the region, Discharge: “the amount of water that is returned to the water source”. It constitutes: In cooling purpose, it will usually be warmer- Adverse effect on the ecosystem of the water source. Used in other power plant processes, it might contains polluting chemicals and hence it may require some treatment before it is returned to water source, which increase operational costs.

Representative Problem/opportunity spaces in water for energy Representative Problem/opportunity spaces in energy for & from Water

Ways of Improvement in Water-Energy Crises Understand and minimize water use in power plants by developing a simple generic model of water use in power plants Include water in State Climate Action Planning (CAP). Stronger regulation of the water impacts of energy development. Remove/Reduce use of out-of-date electric facilities and cooling technologies Encourage “Water-friendly” renewable energy sources such as PV solar, and wind. Improve data collection and monitoring on water use and pollution at existing electrical generation facilities.

Integrated Water Resources Management Plan The Integrated Water Resource Management Plan is the rational approach for Efficient, equitable and sustainable development and management of the world's limited water resources Assigning responsibilities for Regulating, Managing and Operating water services.

Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Regulating (government ministry or other government authority): Managing (natural resources manager or basin management agency): Operating services (public, private or public–private utility): Undertakes strategic water assessments; Develops policies and strategies to comply with regional or national objectives and standards; Develops and oversees strategic water research; Allocates water; Finances basin action plans; Co-ordinates inter-agency and community actions; Develops programmes to build capacity in the water sector; Promotes public participation and awareness. Develops and implements pricing regulations; Develops water quality standards and guidelines; Develops legislation for standards and policies; Authorizes and controls withdrawals and discharges, and works modifying river flows and ecosystems; Audits the performance of the water sector for compliance with standards. Builds and operates water supply, sewerage, waste water treatment plants, drainage and irrigation systems; Maintains infrastructure; Provides technical advice and assistance; Charges for services;

Conclusion The way we live in present times & Developmental Model we follow it will continue to put pressure on Water & Energy resources. Though the Water Energy use cycle has its pros & Cons but one thing is clear it is un-sustainable in its present form. Trade offs can be thought of in Economics and Business but can not be when we deal with WATER and matter concerning very existence of our planet Earth. Paradigm Shift from fossils to renewable is a Must. To Sum up the Water Energy Nexus it is say the Water has come to complement Energy in a big way in terms of Energy Storage through Pumped Storage technology.