Drilling into the Data in Mississippi, Georgia & Texas: The Relationship between Corporal Punishment & Race, Student Achievement & Rural Environments Dr. Twyla Williams-Damond Dr. Kerri Prejean Dr. Jessie Broussard

Overview

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT Punishment; punishment that is inflicted physically upon the body by hitting; form of punishment achieved by inflicting blows to the offender's body; any punishment involving physical force that is designed to cause pain or discomfort To date, 19 states permit its use in public schools. 31 states have legally banned its practice. 223,000+ Students in 2012

Top 10 Corporal Punishment States 1. Mississippi 7.5% 2. Arkansas 4.7% 3. Alabama 4.6% 4. Oklahoma 2.4% 5. Louisiana 1.7% 6. Tennessee 1.5% 7. Georgia 1.1% 8. Texas 1.1% 9. Missouri 0.6% 10. Florida 0.3% Office of Civil Rights, 2009

31 States Have Banned Corporal Punishment: Fact or Fallacy?

Corporal Punishment: Mississippi, Georgia & Texas Quick Facts

MISSISSIPPI Statement of Problem: Quick Facts Mississippi ranks #1 for corporal punishment incidences out of the 19 states that continue its practice. Mississippi remains an extreme outlier among the 19 states that use corporal punishment at 7.5%. Arkansas follows with 4.7%. Mississippi has 152 school districts. 100 practice corporal punishment. (66%) Mississippi has 1,055 public schools with NO mandated uniform system in place for reporting corporal punishment. 2011-2012 student enrollment of 493,540 students with 40,000 receiving corporal punishment

MS State Laws & Statutes Physical discipline, including spanking, performed on a child by a parent, guardian, or custodian, in a reasonable manner shall not be deemed abuse. Sec. 43-21-105.[Ci.] Specifically Allows for Spanking The terms spanking, paddling or switching are used to permit these forms of corporal punishment, if administered in a reasonable manner. Reasonable and Necessary Standard Imposed Reasonable physical force is permitted when, and to the extent believed necessary, to maintain discipline. Resource: Center for Effective Discipline, 2016

GEORGIA Statement of Problem: Quick Facts Georgia ranked #5 in the United States in 2006 at a rate of 1.1% totaling 18,404 students receiving corporal punishment. During the 2010-2011 school year, the number increased to 22,000 students receiving corporal punishment in schools across the state. Of the 180 Districts in Georgia, 102 still practiced corporal punishment in 2008- 2009 Number of Georgia Public Schools in 2011- 2012: 2,289 Total Population of Georgia Students in 2011-2012: 1,639,077 Need info from Jessie

GA State Laws & Statutes Physical forms of discipline may be used as long as there is no physical injury to the child. Secs. 19-7-5/ 19-15-1/49-5-180.[Ci.] Parent or person in loco parentis reasonably disciplining of a minor has a justification defense for a criminal prosecution based on that conduct. Sec. 16-3-20.[Cr.] The term "family violence" shall not be deemed to include reasonable discipline administered by a parent to a child in the form of corporal punishment, restraint, or detention. Sec. 19-13-1. [Ci.] "No Physical Injury" or "No Substantial Risk of Physical Injury” Limitation is placed on the use of corporal punishment. Resource: Center for Effective Discipline, 2016

TEXAS Statement of Problem: Quick Facts Texas ranks #8 for number of students receiving corporal punishment out of the 19 states that continue its practice. Texas has 1,029 public schools with NO mandated system in place for reporting corporal punishment on a state level. Texas has 1,029 school districts. 185 districts prohibit the practice of corporal punishment. (18%) Of the 844 districts that allow corporal punishment by policy, only 501 practice it. House Bill 359 (Sept. 1, 2011) – Parent opt out of corporal punishment

TX State Laws & Statutes Abuse does not include reasonable discipline by a parent/guardian/managing or possessory conservator if child not exposed to substantial risk of harm. Family Code Sec. 261.001.[Ci.] Parent/stepparent/person standing in loco parentis to child is justified to use non-deadly force against a child under 18 when and to degree the actor reasonably believes necessary to discipline, or safeguard or promote child's welfare. Penal Sec. 9.61.[Cr.] Reasonable and Necessary Standard Imposed Reasonable physical force is permitted when, and to the extent believed necessary, to maintain discipline. "Non-Deadly Force" Limitation is Placed on the Use of Corporal Punishment Does not specifically prohibit corporal punishment, even where it results in an injury or serious injury to the child, as long as deadly force was not utilized. Resource: Center for Effective Discipline, 2016

State Percentages of Corporal Punishment Practice: Past & Current Data

MISSISSIPPI CORPORAL PUNISHMENT TREND (2006-12) 7.5% 8.3% MDE, 2009

GEORGIA Corporal Punishment Trend (2005- 2013)

TEXAS Past and Current Pop: 3,907,774 Number CP: 73,994 Percent CP: 1.9% Pop: 4,731,674 Number CP: 36,792 Percent CP: .78% Pop: 5,003,192 Number CP: 28,569 Percent CP: .57% Source: Office of Civil Rights Data Collection, 2000, 2009, 2011

Corporal Punishment & Racial Disparities

MISSISSIPPI: Corporal Punishment Numbers per Race WHITE STUDENTS AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS 12% 29,910 students hit Higher 7% 16,628 students hit Total student enrollment divided into total white enrollment and total African american enrollment Total 2009-2010 Mississippi Student Enrollment: 492,233 (226,616 White + 249,847 Black + 15,810 Other)

MISSISSIPPI: CP Percentage Disproportionality By Race

Georgia: Corporal Punishment Incidences per Race Total WHITE STUDENTS AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS 4% 7,233 hits Higher 2% 4,572 hits Total student enrollment divided into total white enrollment and total African american enrollment Total 2010-2011Georgia Student Enrollment: 1,675,959 (4,572 White + 7,233 Black + 906 Other)

TEXAS Corporal Punishment Per Race 3.56% Pop: 131,336 CP: 4,672 Source: Office of Civil Rights Data Collection, 2011 Note: Percent for each race category taken only from districts that practice corporal punishment on each race category.

Corporal Punishment & Student Achievement

MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi Student Outcomes Educational Rank #48 Source: Report card on American Education, 2012

GEORGIA

Georgia Student Outcomes Educational Rank #27 Source: Report card on American Education, 2012

TEXAS Corporal Punishment and Student Achievement Variable information for 2011-2012 district data: Texas Education Agency: Rate of 10th and 11th grade students in each district meeting the standard on the TAKS test and College – ready rates of seniors Office for Civil Rights 2011-2012 number and percent of students receiving corporal punishment in each comparable school district Evidence of a negative correlation – standardized test scores for 10th and 11th graders and college-ready rates of senior high school students No statistically significant relationship at the .05 level (or 95% assurance to be a true relationship) but there was evidence of a relationship at 75% and 83% chance of the relationship being true

TEXAS Student Outcomes Educational Rank #27 Source: Report card on American Education, 2012

Corporal Punishment & Rural Environments

Mississippi: Small Town Concentration Data Analysis: % by District Population Size THOUSANDS District Student Population Range Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students ≤ 1,000 20.09 % 1,001- 2,000 11.24 % 2,001- 3,000 15.99 % 3,001- 4,000 7.72 % 4,001- 5,000 7.26 % THOUSANDS District Student Population Range Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students 5,001- 6,000 .71 % 6,001- 7,000 10.92 % 7,001- 8,000 5.28 % 8,001- 9,000 7.09 % 9,001- 10,000 .45 % > 10,001 7.41 % When divided into Thousands: Student populations with 1,000 students or less experienced the highest averaged percent of CP. 20.09%

Mississippi: Rural Concentration Percentages by District Population Size THOUSANDS District Student Population Range Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students ≤ 1,000 20.09 % 1,001- 2,000 11.24 % 2,001- 3,000 15.99 % 3,001- 4,000 7.72 % 4,001- 5,000 7.26 % THOUSANDS District Student Population Range Avg. % Corporal Punishment Per 100 Students 5,001- 6,000 .71 % 6,001- 7,000 10.92 % 7,001- 8,000 5.28 % 8,001- 9,000 7.09 % 9,001- 10,000 .45 % > 10,001 7.41 % When divided into Thousands: Student populations with 1,000 students or less experienced the highest averaged percent of CP. 20.09%

Mississippi: TOP 10 “ROGUE” DISTRICTS ≥ 22.5% (3X MS AVERAGE) Oktibbeha 845 148% !!!!!!!! Note: Total “Rogue” Districts = 30. (2009-2010 Southern Echo data)

Mississippi ROGUE DISTRICTS: Data Analysis & Outcomes 2009-2010 Mississippi 2010-2011 30 of 100 paddling school districts Averaged paddling percent = 46.60% 22 of 100 paddling school districts Averaged paddling percent = 50.66%

GEORGIA: Corporal Punishment & District Size Small 0-3000 Large 3001-168000 Corporal Punishment Allowed?   Yes 64.9% (48) 46.2% (49) No 35.1% (26) 53.8% (57) Total N 100% 74 106 X2 = 6.092, p=.014 The smaller districts are about 18 percentage points likely to administer corporal punishment.

TEXAS Rural vs. Urban Districts .90% 7,705 hits 856,559 students 115 Districts RURAL 3.9% 17,254 hits 442,197 students 386 Districts HIGHER Source: Source: Texas Education Agency district types and student enrollment numbers, (2011-2012); Office of Civil Rights Data Collection (2011-2012)

References Broussard, Jessie (2014). An analysis of corporal References Broussard, Jessie (2014). An analysis of corporal punishment practices in the state of Georgia. (Doctoral dissertation). Prejean, Kerri (2015). An analysis of corporal punishment practices in Texas public schools: Race, school district size, academic performance, and policy influences. (Doctoral dissertation). Williams-Damond, Twyla (2014). An analysis of corporal punishment practices in the state of Mississippi. (Doctoral dissertation).