Volume 25, Issue 3, Pages (June 2006)

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Volume 25, Issue 3, Pages 477-488 (June 2006) Oligosaccharides isolated from goat milk reduce intestinal inflammation in a rat model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis Federico Lara-Villoslada, Elisabeth Debras, Ana Nieto, Angel Concha, Julio Gálvez, Eduardo López-Huertas, Julio Boza, Christiane Obled, Jordi Xaus Clinical Nutrition Volume 25, Issue 3, Pages 477-488 (June 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.004 Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Food intake and body weight of rats. Food intake (A) and body weight (B) were recorded daily. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment started at d 0 and finished at d 8. Values are mean (g)±SD. One-way ANOVA and the Fisher test were used to determine statistical significance (P<0.05). DSS-C: DSS-control rats. DSS-GMO: DSS-goat milk oligosaccharides rats. PF-C: pair-fed control rats. PF-GMO: pair-fed goat milk oligosaccharides rats. *P<0.05 vs pair-fed, †P<0.05 vs DSS-C. Clinical Nutrition 2006 25, 477-488DOI: (10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.004) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Presence of diarrhea and/or blood in the stools. Since the start of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment the presence of diarrhea and/or blood in the stools was evaluated daily by a scoring system from 0 (no symptoms) to 2.5 (plenty of blood with severe diarrhea). Values are mean±SD. One-way ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to determine statistical significance (P<0.05). DSS-C: DSS-control rats. DSS-GMO: DSS-goat milk oligosaccharides rats. †P<0.05 vs DSS-C. Clinical Nutrition 2006 25, 477-488DOI: (10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.004) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Histological sections of colonic mucosa from pair-fed and dextransodium sulfate (DSS)-treated rats stained with hematoxilin and eosin. (A) Pair-fed control rat showing the normal histology of rat colon (50×). (B) DSS-C rat showing moderate intestinal ulceration with a moderate inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria and submucosa (50×). (C) DSS-GMO rat showing a recovery in the inflammatory process without ulceration of the intestinal mucosa, only small focal infiltration can be observed and just in the lamina propria (50×). Clinical Nutrition 2006 25, 477-488DOI: (10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.004) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Effect of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment on colon myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and blood granulocyte counts. MPO activity (UI/mg of protein) was measured by the method described by Krawisz et al.17 as a marker of granulocyte infiltration. Total blood granulocytes counts (% of granulocytes of total blood cells) were performed with an automatically blood cell counter on fresh blood. Values are mean±SD. One-way ANOVA and the Fisher test were used to determine statistical significance (P<0.05). DSS-C: DSS-control rats. DSS-GMO: DSS-goat milk oligosaccharides rats. PF-C: pair-fed control rats. PF-GMO: pair-fed goat milk oligosaccharides rats. *P<0.05 vs pair-fed, †P<0.05 vs DSS-C. Clinical Nutrition 2006 25, 477-488DOI: (10.1016/j.clnu.2005.11.004) Copyright © 2005 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Terms and Conditions